Freud and Jung: Early Psychoanalytic Theories Essay

Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung were two influential theorists in psychology (Nystul, Meters., 2005). Freud was considered the father of psychology and believed that human behavior was the response to unconscious issue deep in the mind of individuals (Nystul, M., 2005). Jung’s theory designed directly away of Freud’s psychoanalytic strategy; however this individual refuted a number of Freud’s tips and located an even greater emphasis on the unconscious.

Freud and Jung were the key figures of the psychoanalytic approach to psychology; however all their theories differed on a number of key points (Nystul, M., 2005). Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was your seed for most subsequent theorists’ work. His main assertion was that human behavior and personality produced from the subconscious conflict that arose in individuals’ unconscious (Fayek, 2005).

He postulated that the subconscious was a combination of the identity, which was the primal travel for all human needs (e. g., sex, hunger), the superego, that could be compared to the internalization of social values and standards (e. g., the conscience), plus the moderating ego that was your rational a part of thought that handled the urges of the id and superego. Anxiety came about when people were confronted with fears of threat within actuality (Shill, 2004). Neurotic panic occurred once individuals were confronted with problems that came about in childhood, and can be linked to his five stages of psychosexual creation, where individuality developed.

The five phases of psychosexual development were connected to erogenous zones that children were fixated upon until the requirements were achieved and could actually move on early childhood. The five stages include oral, anal, phallic, and genital periods of creation. The id relied around the stimulation of these zones before the child would move into the next developmental level. If an individual were unable to move into the next stage, then they will fixate in that particular stage, and this may mediate character development (Garcia, 1995).

As an example, adults that had not managed to move on through the anal stage of psychosexual development are representative of type-A personas such that they may be characterized since uptight, since children are as they are focused upon controlling house training and intestinal movements between ages a single and 3. Furthermore, Freud’s theory was focused on lovemaking issues and conflict. For example, he created the Electra complex and Oedipus intricate such that women became envious of their moms as they taken part for their father’s sexual focus. Similarly, kids became envious of their dads through penile envy because they sought the sexual interest of their moms and secretly wanted to get rid of their dads (Garcia, 1995).

Freud utilized assessment ways to probe the unconscious of his sufferers. He presumed that the unconscious used many techniques to keep conflicts in the unconscious and used ways to tap into his patients’ unconscious through psychoanalytic therapy. As an example, he designed free affiliation where sufferers said what ever came to their minds, similar to a verbal daydream (Macmillian, 2001).

This kind of helped people to recall events that had been suppressed so they could obtain catharsis in order to relieve their very own disturbing symptoms. Freud likewise used hypnotherapy in his early therapy lessons. Moreover, Freud conducted desire analysis in which he would translate dreams to be able to tap into the unconscious with an individual desire by fantasy basis (Schept, 2007).

The unconscious was also a main point interesting in Jung’s psychoanalytic way of psychology. Yet , Jung disagreed with Freud on three main points (Bergmann, 2008). Initial, Jung refuted the main need for sexual anxiety in his theory. Instead, Jung stressed that sexual tension was more of a generalized element that affected a psychic energy of any person although included additional aspects.

Second, Jung assumed that individuals had been impacted by past and future events, whilst Freud postulated that individuals were impacted exclusively by occasions in an individual’s life. Finally, Jung put a greater importance on the unconscious and produced the idea of the collective unconscious that was retrospective and prospective. Jung developed thinking about the collective unconscious and expanded the concept of the unconscious itself (Leader, 2009). He believed that there was an element of the subconscious that included all of the previous experiences of humankind. This individual believed this information was passed down era by era as an accumulation of individual and prehuman experiences that helps the types to develop as a whole.

He also believed that most individuals possess a personal subconscious that contains data that was at one time known yet has been covered up because it was too agonizing to remember. Inside the collective subconscious, there were a series of archetypes or perhaps sets of universal experiences within the group unconscious. For example , there was the persona archetype that is a hide that an person present to other folks during communications in order to hide the true personal from other folks. The dark archetype was the shadow archetype that included the evils that humans are responsible intended for. Other archetypes include the anima, animus, and self archetypes.

Jung likewise believed that personality was the response of psychological types that were based upon the attitudes and features of individuals (Dolliver, 1994). This type included the extraverted (viz., thinking, sense, sensing, intuiting) and introverted (viz., considering, feeling, realizing, intuiting). Dependant on type, people behaved and interacted differently with other folks and the environment. These ten psychological types may be likened to an early on version of trait theory and other later personality ideas. Moreover, Jung believed that personality created throughout the life-time, and individuals’ personalities would not appear consequently from conflicting conflict in childhood as Freud thought.

Instead, individuals were continuously moving toward self-realization and individuation, which makes Jung’s psychoanalytic approach even more uplifting when compared to Freud’s more pessimistic watch of individual development (Leader, 2009). Jung’s assessment techniques were identical but differed from Freud’s methods. 1st, Jung applied a word-association test so that patients will respond to anything that the specialist said with the first phrase that came for their mind (Jung, 1907). This kind of helped to tap into complexes of his patients. He also used symptom evaluation to understand the cost-free associations that patients manufactured.

Similar to Freud, Jung used a dream evaluation technique although he individuals a series to dreams instead of singular dreams as Freud did to develop a thematic interpretation dependant on free response (Schept, 2007). While the two Freud and Jung’s theories led to the introduction of psychology being a scientific discipline, neither of those theories was based immediately upon organized experimentation. Instead, these psychoanalytic theories were deduced upon case studies of individual clientele (Thompson, 2002). Patient selection interviews were not noted verbatim, and were based after a small number of sufferers.

While the stability of theory development was not optimal intended for generalization to society overall, these early ideas and theories helped modern researchers develop study questions which were tested through empirical analysis methods, and have led to the introduction of more modern ideas of tendencies and persona. Without the early on contributions of Freud and Jung, the face of psychology may appearance very different today. References Bergmann, M. S. (2008).

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