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Biology

Thursday January 17 Understanding biology program id=MBPOLLACK01639 Life first appeared that is known about 4 billion years ago Origin of life is a hypothesis not just a theory Very little oxygen in early earths atmosphere Spontaneous technology of life- random formation of your life Millions of species on earth, about 100 mil the expirement of miller and urey showed what?

test question a few centuries ago: eople thought that fresh living things appeared all of the time(spontaneous generation of life) ex: mold developing on food in the core 1800s Paillette Pasteur refuted the theory of spontaneous era of existence he essentially left anything out yet sealed this off and nothing grew into it, then he left it without being covered and products grew the cell theory- all existing cells come from pre-existing cells about 55 trillion cellular material make up the body of a human but almost all came from the only diploid cellular formed coming from conception circumstances on early earth: tmosphere- similar to Jupiter today, not any free air, frequent storms with lots of super, volcano breakouts, meteor affects, UV light from the sunlight, no ozone layer globe before life arose:

regarding 4. 6 billion years of age, known as a result of radiometric going out with of meteorites and celestial satellite rocks your life arose regarding 3. eight billion in years past, known because of chemical footprints in the stones, fossilized bacterias was seen in rocks a few.

5 billion years ago zero spontaneous technology now nevertheless must have happened then how you can assemble a full time income thing: accumulation of organic and natural molecules atalyze reactions reproduce from kept genetic details separate the living thing from the outside environment 3 domains of life- bacteria, archaea, eukarya protein are required to synthesize even more DNA DNA is used to synthesize RNA which is used to generate protein¦DNA-RNA-Protein Ribozymes: RNA molecule that can catalyze reactions, in particular those involved in activity and digesting of RNA itself Conclusion- earliest cellular material used RNA to store facts Ribozymes used to catalyze reactions Thursday January 24th The species have been here for about 200, 1000 years GUIDELINES OF EVOLUTION

Theory- basic explanation of natural trends, developed through extensive and reproducible observations Hypothesis- sensitive explanation of observations, informed guess The foundation of kinds was a book published in 1859 simply by Charles Darwin Main points of book: Evolution occurs in populations, certainly not individuals Natural selection is a mechanism Declaration 1-living things tend to duplicate as quickly as possible. Remark 2-constant population size as time passes (carrying capacity) Inference- competition for survival, differential reproductive success “I don’t like pups.

They all smell like canines and poo on my lawn variability in structures and behaviors all of this leads to natural selection, creatures best suited to a environment keep the most children evolution- the genetic cosmetic of a inhabitants changes with time, driven by simply natural assortment evolution- a big change in the allele frequency of your population after some time study pakicetus slide 1/29/13 homologous set ups suggest prevalent ancestry some homologous buildings look diverse today because of divergent progression 300 , 000, 000 years ago is usually when we began to see the form of mammalian hands or legs similar to the structure today analogous tructures=convergent advancement analogous composition do NOT recommend common ancestral roots similar environmental forces choose for similar structures in unrelated microorganisms vestigial structures- rudimentary kind of and appendage more fully produced in ancestor “evolutionary baggage vestigial set ups are a type of homologous framework

WHAT IS DARWINS POINT ABOUT EAR? UPON TEST

Developmental biology- the biology of studying organisms from the unicellular stage onward WATCH DARWIN VIDEO Almost all living things possess DNA and transcribe this into RNA using proteins Artificial selection- insecticides, antibiotics etc . Find out 3 types of natural selection 1 . irectional collection 2 . stabilizing selection 3. disruptive variety 1/31/13 progression of masse GregorMendel- monk who would pea expirements and highlight the rules of inheritance This individual worked as well as Darwin but his work was overlooked until the 20th 100 years The modern synthesis(early 1940s) ” a conceptual synthesis of Darwinian advancement, mendelian inheritance, and modern day population genes Evolution- a change in phenotypic constitution of your population owing to a situation in heritable variation among pheneotypes that alterations the genotypic constitution in the population Phenotype- all indicated traits of an organism

Genotype- the entire genetic makeup of the individual Evolution-a change in allele frequency within a population(change in the gene pool) Population genetics-examines the rate of recurrence, distribution, and inheritance of alleles within a population Hardy-weinberg equilibrium- the pop genetics theorem that states which the frequencies of alleles and enotypes in a population will remain constant until acted upon by simply non-mendelian processes Allele frequencies- under rigid mendelian gift of money, allele eq would continue to be constant by on generation to the next(hardy-weinberg equilibrium) If you have no change in allele frequency there is no progression Biological species concept- a population whose members can potentially interbreed in NATURE to produce viable reproductive offspring Reproductive barriers- isolate populations from one another

Speciation- the process with which new varieties form TEST 1 Two requirement for speciation- reproductive remoteness of populations(gene flow drastically reduced) and genetic divergence(divergent evolution) Thursday feb your five Convergent evolution- no common ancestor get back trait, comparable environmental items caused a similar evolution Divergent evolution- comes from common ancestors but after some time the characteristic changes Proto means just before External boundaries

Skin-physical hurdle to microbes entry, inhospitable environment pertaining to growth, dry, dead skin cells at surface, sweat/sebaceous glands secreting stomach acids and organic antibiotics like lactic acid Mucuous mebranes of respiratory system and intestinal tracts well-defined, secretions have antibacterial nutrients Cilia-line the interior of trachea, epithelial cells-smokers cough is usually from deficiency of cilia Stomach, if microorganisms are ingested, acids(low pH) and protein-digesting enzymes destroy them Lines of protection:

Nonspecififc internal defense: Phagocytosis cells: white blood cellular material in extracellular fluid, amoeboid shape, damage microbes by phagocytosis-search away bacteria, viral particles, cell phone debris-produced in bone marrow. Target stuff that is certainly not in your skin cells **questions about lymphatic system on test natural fantastic cells- white blood skin cells that ruin body cells infected by infections and cancerous cells by simply punching gap in all of them inflammatory response- caused by mass microbial invasion through a injury istamine on sale since response to harm which leads for an increased blood circulation at and around the wound in order to wash your wound. Which leads to irritation other chemicals-&gt, macrophages blood vessels clotting fever= response to bacterias establishing key infection. Low grade fever 100-102 can be beneficial decreases microbial reproduction enhances immunity process immune response- reaction to specific type of micro organism and provides long term protection.

Requires 2 types of WBC called lymphocytes-B cells and T cellular material B cellular material mature in bone marrow T skin cells are given birth to in marrow but fully developed in thymus /26/13 humeral cells is usually same as M cells its called certain immune response because only the cell together with the appropriate antibody responds twenty three, 00 coding genes in our genome 3 types of amino acids- hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and kinds that can generate hydrosulfide connections most aminoacids form well with other proteins an antibody is made of 4 different types of healthy proteins so it usually takes 4 particular proteins for doing it to react? Immune system differentiates self from non do it yourself by wrecking cells that respond to the body’s own elements Body at random makes 90, 000, 500 different antibodies antigen can easily bind to 1 specific antibody epitope- three different internet site where antibodies can hole on a single antigen allergies: sort of immune response allergen-recognized like a foreign antigen and binds to W cell ” coordinated by the humoral immunity response N cell makes plasma skin cells, releasing allergy antibodies into the bloodstream

Antibodies bind to histamine-containing cellular material in conjoining tissue Skin cells release histamine causing inflammatory response including mucus 1 . irst contact with pollen encourages B cellular material to produce allergic reaction plasma cell 2 . sang cells create allergy antibodies 3. allergic reaction antibodies bind to mast cells some. re-exposure to pollen results in pollen holding to allergy antibodies about mast skin cells 5. joining f pollen stimulates mast cells to release histamine, triggering the inflammatory response allergy or intolerance medication antihistamines others hinder production of histamine creating cells persons without allergy symptoms lack genetics for allergy-causing antibodies, or perhaps produce much less of the antibody ormation of the pimple pimple develops as a result of blockages In follicles development of a connect or keratin and sebum(made of fat and the dust of deceased fat-producing cells) the organic occurring bacteria propionibacterium acnes can cause inflammation the white-colored blood skin cells build up(forming a whitehead) and then ruin (by phagocytosis) the bacteria to prevent contamination chicken pox and shingles caused by same virus symptoms are very several after you have had the poultry pox, you become immune to the virus.

It truly is impossible you will probably have a slight response after re-exposure, such as a handful of spots and a slight fever. However , you do not get a complete blown circumstance of rooster pox more often than once shingles: triggering agent intended for herpes zoster is varicella zoster virus, a double stranded DNA computer virus most people are attacked with this kind of virus because children, and suffer from a great episode of chickenpox the immune system eventually gets rid of the malware from many locations, but it remains dormant in the ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord and also the ganglion semilunare in the base of the skull