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In lake locations a slow current is necessary and there should be little disturbance from water traffic. The disadvantages are: ¢ Fish maqui berry farmers have very little control of this particular, as they do not own the dam or reservoir. ¢ Water cannot be drained, as the key function with the resource should be to provide normal water. ¢ You will discover likely to be even more predators with the fish inside the water. ¢ It is not feasible to supply or fertilize the water, as is occuring in more rigorous fish farming, so we have a reliance on naturally occurring fish food. We have a potential risk from disease but inventory held in small-scale cages existing around neighborhoods will probably be less vulnerable than stock held in more targeted and central commercial devices. ¢ Raise the risk from theft and criminal behaviour is a serious problem in some places. This is particularly real to get the poorest people who are perceived as easy subjects. ¢ An important expansion of cage lifestyle activities in certain villages can result in local depletion of snail or various other foods, towards the detriment of ducks and also other domestic and wild animals. ¢ Multiple control of fish ponds can be a significant drawback to the effective make use of such resources.

Consensus over access to the for poor people has to be developed. Figure two: Bilkish Begum and Hamida Begum dealing with fish galetas (Photo credit: Practical Actions / Zul) Fish galetas Cages are being used as a sort of farming within their own correct within flowing or huge bodies of water and can also be utilized in small pond fish tradition to protect fingerlings in the primary stages of development. Tiny cages which has a capacity of just one cubic metre are suitable for fingerling protection. The cage can hold up to three hundred fish at any given time. People expand fish inside their local ponds using a basic fish crate known locally as a “hapa”.

A few fresh fish happen to be put into every single “hapa”, which usually acts as their house, floating slightly below the surface of the pond. Cage building Cages may be made using a few cheap materials. Bamboo poles kind an exterior frame that may be covered in netting, inside is a “nursery” section for the younger, even more delicate seafood, and floats are added at the sides. A cage is a very basic means of restraining fish in one place this means you will be easily produced using neighborhood materials. Competition design must incorporate certain physical homes, including the capability to hold seafood securely yet also to become within the monetary means of the cage operators.

The galetass presently employed are little in size, calculating between you and 2m3, inexpensive and simple to construct. Farmers use the two fixed and floating galetass. In general, set cages during installation in water where the interesting depth is relatively low and bamboo sheets poles could be fixed into the riverbed or substrate. Floating cages do not have this limitation and can be used in deep normal water. Floating galetas tend to always be easier to deal with but when selecting the type and design this points should be thought about: ¢ Capacity ¢ Input availability ¢ Natural tragedy ¢ Sort of water body system Water depth ¢ Drinking water current ¢ Water retention period over one full year ¢ Interpersonal problem ¢ Cage supervision Fixed cages Fixed hutches are very simple to construct and later require a tiny amount of capital purchase. The elements needed to produce fixed hutches are coming up with an 8mm nylon uppers size, bamboo bedding, rope, twine and sinker. Routine managing is hard for these galetass and thunder or wind storms, strong power, tidal surges and flooding may cause harm if preventive measures are not taken. Set cages happen to be difficult to approach from one spot to another during water changing.

A top cover is usually offered on galetass to reduce the risk of fish escaping, especially in areas prone to adobe flash floods in which water levels rise right away. A small beginning is held at one particular edge or in the middle of the best covering for feeding reasons. A feeding platform made of fine nylon uppers is placed at the bottom of each crate to lower food loss. To fix the cage, several bamboo poles are set in the base and the four top and bottom 4 corners of the cage are tied to the bamboo sheets poles with nylon string, allowing the cage netting to stretch.

To reduce installation expense and to reduce daily managing labour, hutches are sometimes set in series with a narrow space between adjacent galetas. Floating galetas The size of the cage is normally 1m3. A highly regarded net is often used to reduce escapees because the cage is only a few centimetres above the water surface. The best of the crate is in hinges that could be opened to allow feeding, the checking of fish, the removal of waste and harvesting. A layer of fine fine mesh net is positioned along the lower part of the cage and twelve centimetres up each side which usually reduces meals loss.

However , where normal water has a substantial turbidity, the use of fine mesh is not advised as it clogs up the fine mesh and causes strength stress for the cage framework. In these areas, feeding racks should be used instead of fine mesh. Buoyancy is achieved by using several plastic floats (buoys) that happen to be tied to the four horizontally frames, approximately 10 cm from the the top of cage. Bamboo sheets frame cage To make a 1m3 bamboo crate, twelve one metre very long bamboo sticks (about 2cm in diameter) are required and fixed into the gaps of the sides, one viewpoint for each nook, giving a package shape. Benefits and drawbacks of set and floating cages | |Fixed galetas |Floating hutches | |Advantages | |Cost per unit is small |Water amount remains frequent even with a fluctuation in the water | |Not destroyed by hard storms |level | |Easy era management |Cage can be set up in deep water | |Cage bags spread correctly in the normal water |Floating competition with container type body gives satisfactory space inside | |Easy to construct | |In tidal water bodies the powerful cage depth is increased | |Disadvantages | |Water depth inside cage differs with the fluctuation of the water |Cost per unit is higher than fixed cages | |level |Algae deposits upon cage net affect the drinking water exchange | |Vulnerable to tidal surge and tornado |Cage managing i. electronic. cleaning, going and testing are not convenient | |Cage cannot be mounted in all types of normal water bodies |Due to normal water flow sometimes the cage bag will not spread correctly | |Prone to crab cutting |Easy to steal fish by raising the parrot cage | |Poorer fish growth and higher mortality charge |During flooding may clean away | Cage supervision

Care of galetass ” washing of aquatic weeds nearby, removal of drinking water hyacinth, washing of waste materials feeds by cages, cleaning of placed silts by cage, associated with dead fish, checking cage frames, floats, ties, anchors, feeding trays etc ., competition shifting, with the water level, looking at water pollution and guarding. Care of net ” Algae add-on should be cleansed at frequent basis to assure water exchange, net slots must be checked properly and need quick repairing when it is necessary. Care of fish ” profitability depends on proper attention to the fish progress, regular, sufficient and top quality feeding is important. Fish health insurance and disease must be monitored during feeding and sampling.

The fish should be fed daily using aquatic weed or a mixture of grain bran, olive oil cakes, kitchen waste, cut snails or cow dung. Minimising likelihood of cage lifestyle ¢ Appropriate cage design and style can help reduce failure. ¢ The use of more than one cage per household tremendously reduces the chance of an individual losing all fish. ¢ Positioning many hutches together in clusters as well reduces the chance of poaching. ¢ Individual maqui berry farmers can form teams that can safeguard the seafood and therefore significantly reduce potential poaching risks. Fish types Fish is a crucial part of the diet plan for the folks in Bangladesh providing protein calcium, essential fatty acids and vitamin supplements.

Traditionally, a number of local types were used in ponds, mainly carp, caught in the wild since spawn (fertilised eggs or small fish). One of the main downsides of this method to obtain supply is that along with the desired fish kinds come a large number of undesirable types Most of the species currently found in the cages in Bangladesh are exotics. However , for decades these seafood have bred naturally and distributed themselves throughout the overflow plains plus the delta. Common fish types The selection a suitable fish kinds will depend on different biological and economic elements, such as, ¢ Market price ¢ Growth level ¢ Capability to reproduce straightforward culture of young seafood Match of fish and available fish feed ¢ Water temperature is a crucial criteria in assessing which in turn fish varieties is suitable. The key types of cultivated seafood are Carp, Tilapia and Catfish. Different fish suitable to fostering are eel, tawes, mullet, snakeskin, and rohu. Several fish are more suitable to pond conditions than other folks, some seafood will not adjust the limited conditions while others such as the native Koi (Anabas testidunous) have been found to thrive in cages. Little indigenous varieties In addition to the key cultivated varieties there are many native breeds of fish that play an important function in the diet of the inhabitants.

These fish are classed as small local species while not all seafood within this category are particularly little. Of the 260 species of freshwater fish found locally, more than 140 kinds are labeled as Small Indigenous Species (SIS) and take into account over 80% of the total catch, consumed by the poorer section, because preferred varieties. The term SISTER would seem to become recent lso are interpretation in the Bangla word chotmach (literally small fish) as opposed to Boromach (literally large fish). Prevalent fish in the small indigenous species category include: Physique 3: Bilkish with ready food for her fish (Photo credit: Practical Action / Zul) ¢ Small catfish ¢ Knifefishes Snakeheads ¢ Needlefishes ¢ Minnows, Rasboras, and civière ¢ Loaches ¢ Anchovies and sardines ¢ Spiny eels ¢ Climbing perch ¢ Gobies ¢ Mud Perches ¢ Glassfishes ¢ Fresh water prawns Small , low-value fish are extremely important for basically poor following your rice harvest when the demand for their labour declines. Feeding the seafood With the non-intensive approach it is possible to nourish fish on nothing more than scraps and squander, duck bud, oil pastry, kitchen waste materials, rice grain and snail which will present all the diet required. Some low-cost feeds are bought in by the households, typically rice bran and oilcake, but these costs are minimal.

Occasionally, the diet program may be supplemented with commercially available compound passes. In most cases a variety of diets emerges, according with their availability and desires of the fish. Fish cropping and promoting Growth is definitely rapid inside the warm weather of Bangladesh and the seafood attain marketable size within just 3-9 months, providing maqui berry farmers with a speedy return on their investment and labour. Fingerling production tradition cycle can be between one particular and two months. Cage nursery producers can sell fingerlings to the fish pond farmers and ox-bow lake operators. Fish for food culture cycle is between four and 6 months. Fish foodstuff producers consume the cage fish and also selling them in the market.

Determine 4: A team of landless females discussing funds in Madaripur (Photo credit: Practical Action / Neil Cooper) Success depends on various factors like the type of water body and culture, cage construction elements, the choice of fish species, fingerling size and price, stocking density, feed price, accessibility to protein rich nourish, culture length, cage administration, harvesting and marketing. An additional concern relates to economies of scale. Nearly all enterprises will be subject to financial systems of level, and crate culture is no exception. The labour of looking after 1 small competition is much larger per kilogram of merchandise than that for looking after a large one particular.

The cost of the cage per kilogram of production will also be higher for the small competition versus a large cage. Yet , co-operative utilization of labour may be used to realise economies of size in relation to work, and this is done in various villages. Another concern, linked to the second, is definitely comparative advantage. A significant amount of the seafood is intended to be sold for cash instead of consumed by the farmer wonderful family. In the medium term, an important question is whether modest producers in villages are well placed to compete ” either with larger commercial producers, or producers by elsewhere. If they happen to be not, and if competition improves, then rates , and returns , will steadily decline.

In practice there is solid local with regard to fish over the country, and small-scale makers are well placed to serve widely-dispersed countryside markets. Secondly, the use of excess off-season and family labour is itself a relative advantage. Finally, in individuals systems which use local meals resources, just like natural foods and home wastes, supply costs will be relatively low compared with individuals for commercial producers. Modest fish producers should therefore be able to survive competition in much the same way as village-scale poultry makers have made it through, and even to some extent benefit from the increasing number of extensive poultry functions. References and additional reading ¢ Small-scale Fresh water Fish Farming by truck Ear ain al.

Agromisa 1996 ¢ Cage and Pen Seafood Farming: Carrying Capacity Models and Environmental Impact FAO Fisheries Technicla Paper 225, 1984 ¢ Food, Livelihoods and Freshwater Ecology: The value of Little Indigenous Seafood Species, ITDG Bangladesh, 99 For further info, please speak to: Practical Action The Schumacher Centre to get Technology and Development Bourton-on-Dunsmore Warwickshire CV23 9QZ British Tel: + 44 (0)1926 634400 Fax: + forty-four (0)1926 634401 E-mail i actually[email, protected] org. uk Web page: www. practicalaction. org Functional Action Bangladesh G. S. O. Package 3881 Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh Tel: & 880 ” (0)2 , 8111934, 9110060, 9123671 Fernkopie: + 880 ” (0)2 ” 8113134 E-mail: [email, protected] org. bd