Stereotyping discrimination and prejudice essay

STEREOTYPING, DISCRIMINATION AND PREJUDICE IN KNUST

TABLE CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE 2 MATERIAL 3-4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5 DEDICATION 6 CHAPTER 1: INTRO 7-15 1 . 0 Qualifications of the examine

2 . one particular Statement with the problem

2 . 2 Research Questions

2 . 3 Objectives of the analyze

2 . 4 Assumptions of the study

2 . 5 Reason of the study

2 . 6 Relevance of the Study

2 . 7 Conceptualization

installment payments on your 8 Opportunity of Analyze

installment payments on your 9 Strategy

installment payments on your 10. 1 Research Design and sort of study

2 . 15. 2 Measurement

2 . 10. several Sampling approach

installment payments on your 10. 5 Sampling Size

installment payments on your 10. five Sources of data collection

2 . twelve. 6 Products of Analysis

2 . 10. 7 Technique of data collection

2 . 10. almost 8 Method of data analysis

2 . 12 Limitation of the study

2 . eleven Organization in the study

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE ASSESSMENT 16-29 installment payments on your

one particular Introduction

2 . a couple of Definition of key terms

2 . 3 Hypotheses and types

2 . 4 Determine why persons stereotype, discriminate and bias against

others in the society. 2 . 5 Take a look at the options for stereotype, discriminate and prejudice in the culture. 2 . six Recognize the role of stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice in tribal conflicts. installment payments on your 7 Discover strategies for coping with stereotyping, discrimination and bias related scenarios. 2 . almost 8 Conceptual framework

CHAPTER three or more: DATA EVALUATION 30-56 PART 4: BRIEF SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57-62

ACKNOWLEGEMENT

We are thankful to the changeless God for His safety and course throughout this kind of research.

We desire to thank the lecturers Dr . Frances Azumah and Dr . Henry Yeboah for taking all of us through the exploration course. The faculty librarian, the research instructing assistant and all those who written for make this job a success, we say thank you!!

DETERMINATION

To all or any those who have when in their lives being victims of stereotype, discrimination and prejudice.

CHAPTER 1

1 . zero INTRODUCTION

We believe that there should be common respect between individuals, which is a vital pre-requisite for interpersonal harmony. The society has to be more covering and less prejudiced. It is incumbent upon us to properly addresses the issue of stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination in earnest so that we may progress to a much healthier and more qualified society. 2 . 1 QUALIFICATIONS OF THE ANALYZE

Stereotype is an image or idea of a specific type of person or factor that has become set through getting widely placed. Discrimination is always to make an unjust distinction in the treatment of several categories of people, especially because of race, sex or age. Prejudice is actually a preconceived view that is not based on reason or perhaps actual experience. (Source: ConciseOxford Dictionary) Stereotype is to decide, usually unfairly, that certain people have particular characteristics or abilities because that they belong to a certain race, sex or social class. Elegance is the practice of dealing with one particular group in the contemporary society in an unjust way. Prejudice is to impact someone so they have an unfair or irrational opinion about someone or something. (Source: Longman Dictionary of recent English) Internationally, stereotypes, discrimination and bias are recognized as related but diverse concepts. Stereotypes are considered to be the most cognitive component, discrimination as the behavioral component of prejudicial reactions and misjudgment as the affective. In this tripartite look at of intergroup attitudes, stereotypes reflect objectives and philosophy about you will of associates of groupings perceived as not the same as one’s individual, discrimination refers to actions, misjudgment represents the emotional response. Stereotypes are harmful in their own proper; they do destruction by fostering prejudice and discrimination.

Although related, the three concepts can exist individually of each different. According to Daniel Katz and Kenneth Braly, stereotyping leads to racial prejudice when people emotionally react to the term of a group, ascribe features to associates of that group, and then evaluate those characteristics. Moral philosophers have defined discrimination while disadvantageous treatment or thought. This is a comparative description. An individual will not need to be actually harmed to become discriminated against. He or she just needs to be remedied worse than others for a few arbitrary explanation. The United Nations stance on discrimination comes with the declaration: “Discriminatory actions take a large number of forms, which involve some form of exclusion or rejection.  (Source: Wikipedia) Stereotyping, prejudice, and elegance reflect the human tendencies to conceptualize and value particular configurations of phenotypic features differently, and act on these kinds of thoughts and feelings inside our interactions with members of racial types. Racial categorization reflects the process of placing people into specific groups based upon variation in phenotypic physical features of the facial skin and physique such as skin tone, hair color and consistency, eye condition, nose breadth, and lips fullness.

Racial stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination reflect the human tendencies to conceptualize and value specific configurations of phenotypic features differently, and act on these thoughts and feelings inour interactions with members of racial groups. In both equally overt and subtle varieties, stereotyping, misjudgment, and splendour exhibited amongst individuals belonging to different ethnic categories is certainly a significant supply of social strife in American society and abroad. Generally, individuals with physical features connected with Whites (lighter skin color, less heavy and more attractive hair, rounder eyes, narrower nose, slimmer lips) are advantaged when compared to individuals with features associated with other racial groups. (Maddox, 2012) In Bekwai, ghana, stereotyping, elegance and prejudice is capable of life in Ghana like it is any other world. Specifically, the statement brings to the connaissance some of the unhelpful ethnic slurs or ethno-phaulisms that minimize across Ghana’s multiethnic contemporary society. There are cultural stereotypes just like Ashanti males are braggers throw their money around and still have a sense of superiority but they are incredibly ambitious and hard doing work. Ga men are big talkers but are not big spenders, they can be too stingy. Ewe men use juju too much, but are good college students. Fanti males are passionate and sophisticated but are too honest, thus they absence tactfulness and diplomacy. Dagomba men will be tall, dark and good-looking, but expect one or two competition wives should you marry one particular. Akuapem guys are very courteous and gentlemanly. Kwahu males are very business-minded but deposit their money in their house rather than in the bank. installment payments on your 2 AFFIRMATION OF THE DIFFICULTY

We are concerned with how stereotypes, discrimination and prejudice affect our common sense with other folks and therefore the marriage we have with people. 2 . a few RESEARCH CONCERNS

2. Why carry out people belief, discriminate and prejudice against others? 5. What are the sources of stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice? 2. What are the roles of stereotyping, elegance and bias in tribal conflicts? 5. What are the strategies for working with stereotyping, splendour and misjudgment? 2 . four OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

BASIC OBJECTIVE:

To synthesize the people of KNUST, most importantly the students concerning effects of stereotype, discrimination and prejudice in KNUST campus. SPECIFIC AIMS:

5. Identify why people belief, discriminate and prejudice. * Examine the sources of stereotype, discriminate and prejudice. 5. Recognize the role of stereotyping, splendour and bias in tribal conflicts. 2. Discover approaches for dealing with stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice related situations. installment payments on your 5 ASSUMPTIONS/ HYPOTHESIS

2. People belief, discriminate and prejudice against others inside the society because of the desire to dominate and control members of other teams. * Persons stereotype, discriminate and bias because they are not able to obtain all the information to make a fair judgment. 2. Negative stereotyping, discrimination and prejudices trigger conflicts between individuals. * Understanding and appreciating other’s values and culture will help decrease stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice inside the society. 2 . 6 APPROVAL OF THE STUDY

To seek new insights; to inquire questions and assess trends in a several perspective regarding what others have done on the topic. It will educate us about benefit diversity and equal prospect. We is going to understand how to challenge assertively movement of stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice. Create a responsible frame of mind towards person relationships. 2 . 7 VALUE OF THE RESEARCH

* The research will help all of us to develop understanding on our field of research. * The study on stereotyping, discrimination and bias will enable us explain to others what it entails and it consequences on human life. * The study will certainly enable all of us develop the skill in research. 5. Educate other folks on the topic.

2 . eight CONCEPTUALIZATION

Gender: Women over the years possess fought shoulder to make with males to gain identification and liberty from all source of discrimination and identification from their hard work and really worth. Ethnicity and tribalism: Tribalism infers the possession of a strong cultural or perhaps ethnic identity that separate one member of a group from the members of another group. Religion: It involves dealing with someone in a different way because the face is associatedwith an individual of a particular faith or because of his or her connection with a religious corporation. Age: It involves treating someone improperly or fewer favorably as a result of his age. Age splendour can take a kind of harassment such as offensive remarks about a individual’s age such as teasing offhand comments and so forth Program of study: with the program of study, a lot of people look down on other people’s program of study mainly because they feel theirs is better than the others. 2 . 9 METHOD

2 . 10. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN AND TYPE OF STUDY

Sociable survey design and style is a popular and commonly used approach in cultural science exploration and is frequently employed to answer who, what, where, how much and exactly how many concerns. They allow the collection of large amount of data via a sizable populace in a highly economical approach. Social Survey Design allows researchers to handle studies in natural true to life settings employing probability samples thus increasing external validity of the research. Using a social survey design will give you more control over the research process and when sampling is employed, it is possible to create findings that are a representative from the whole populace at lower cost than collecting the data for the whole population. 1 ) 9. two SAMPLING STRATEGY

Purposive sampling technique to be used for the sampling approach. With it, the specialist selects sample units subjectively in an attempt to have a sample that are a representative of the population. This technique is been used as well because of its family member advantage of time and cost 1 ) 9. three or more SAMPLE SIZE

Selected pupils from several halls and hostels.

1 . being unfaithful. 4 WAYS OF DATA COLLECTION

Customer survey includes all techniques of data collection by which each person is asked to respond to the same group of questions in a predetermined order. 1 . on the lookout for. 5 CAUSES OF DATA Sources of data range from the primary source, secondary resource and the tertiary source. All of us will use each of the three types of data. Primary sources include journals, memoirs, dairies, magazines, reports, selection interviews, raw info and many more. Secondary sources contain books, tv set and radiodocumentaries, conference process etc . Tertiary sources Yahoo, Wikipedia, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, Ghana web, Contemporary Ghana etc . 1 . on the lookout for. 6 UNITS OF ANALYSIS

The unit of analysis is Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology that has a student human population of about 45, 000. Founded in 1952, KNUST contains a rich history in its development into a top class University over the years. Kwame Nkrumah, the African Personality in the Century and pioneer of African freedom is the president of KNUST. KNUST believes in achievement through diligence and commitment. 1 . 9. six LIMITATION OF INFORMATION COLLECTION

Likely low response rate

Members in a group may influence a person’s decision

Limited input from participants

Selected data might be unavailable

It may be time consuming

The study may intimidate and reduce individual differences 1 . 9 ORRGANISATION FROM THE STUDY

EVENTS| PERIOD FRAME|

Introduction| you week|

Collecting details for materials review| almost eight weeks|

Administering forms and collection| 2 weeks|

Analysis of data collected| 2 weeks|

Conclusion and summary| 2 weeks|

Total time to end up being used| 17 weeks|

PART 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The terms belief, discrimination and prejudice are often used interchangeably in day-to-day conversation. But when discussing these kinds of terms from a sociological perspective, it is vital to establish them: stereotypes are oversimplified ideas regarding groups of people; discrimination refers to actions toward them and prejudice identifies thoughts and feelings regarding those groups. (Colledge, 2013) Stereotype is definitely an image or idea of aparticular type of person or point that has become set through getting widely held (Source: Concise Oxford Dictionary). Stereotype is always to decide, usually unfairly, that certain people have particular qualities or perhaps abilities since they are part of a particular race, sex or social class(Source: Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) Discrimination is to make an unjust distinction inside the treatment of diverse categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, sexual or grow older. Source: To the point Oxford Book. Discrimination is definitely the practice of treating one specific group inside the society in an unfair approach. (Source: Longman Dictionary of recent English) Bias is a preconceived opinion which is not based on purpose or genuine experience.

(Source: Concise Oxford Dictionary). Misjudgment is to impact someone so they really have an unfair or silly opinion about someone or something. (Source: Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) HYPOTHESES RELATING STEREOTYPING, DISCRIMINATION AND PREJUDICE Exactly what are the reasons for stereotyping, elegance and bias people? A few look at the ideas that cultural scientists have got suggested: To be able to measure the existence and extent of stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice of your particular kind in a particular social or perhaps economic domain name, it is necessary to have got a theory of how this sort of issue might occur and what the effects could possibly be. Scapegoat Theory: This prejudice springs from frustration among people who will be themselves disadvantaged (Dollard, 1939). A scapegoat is a person or category of people typically with very little power, to whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles. Authoritarian Personality Theory: According to T. Watts. Adorno ain al. (1950), extreme misjudgment is a character trait in a few individuals. This conclusion is definitely supported by study showing that folks who screen strong prejudice toward a single minority are often intolerant coming from all minorities. These individuals look after society because naturally competitive and hierarchical, with “better people (like them) unavoidably dominating those who are weaker.

Traditions Theory: This theory says that stereotyping, discriminating and prejudice may be characteristic of certain people, but some of the is found in everybody because it is inlayed in traditions. Think of a young child growing up and their father and mother telling these people they should marry from the same ethnic group. Conflict Theory: Part of this theory is usually when strong people employ prejudice to justify oppression others. An example is the moment minorities claim that they are victims and therefore areentitled to unique consideration based on their race. (DJL, 2008) WHY PEOPLE STEREOTYPE, DISCRIMINATE AND MISJUDGMENT AGAINST OTHERS IN THE SOCIETY The ability to kind general categories is an important feature of human believed. Without that, we could not make sense worldwide. Being able to classify our activities, the people about us, and the material things of our tradition under general headings means that we can00 behave in new conditions. We can then respond in appropriate strategies to things and individuals we have hardly ever seen prior to. It permits us to carry more than what we have discovered in one scenario to another related situation. However , unlike other styles of categorization, stereotyping provides categories which have been little, whenever modified by experience and knowledge.

Persons will often dismiss or re-interpret experiences by which an individual does not conform to the stereotype of the group, rather than change the stereotype. (Lorne Tepperman, 1991, p. 187) People discriminate out of ignorance and Selfishness and that they don’t think about how precisely it would make other people feel also to make them feels better. (Why do persons discriminate, 2012) When people face instances that disconfirm all their stereotypes of your particular group, they tend to assume that those instances happen to be atypical subtypes of the group. Model: Ben stereotypes gay guys as being not athletic. When he meets Al, an athletic gay person, he presumes that Al is not a typical associated with gay persons. People’s awareness are motivated by their targets. Example: Liz has a stereotype of elderly people as mentally unstable. The moment she sees an older woman sitting down on a playground bench by itself, talking aloud, she considers that the female is talking to herself since she is unpredictable. Liz fails to notice that the lady is actually talking on a mobile phone. People selectively recall occasions that validate their stereotypes and forget about disconfirming occasions. Researchers find it difficult to measure prejudice. One basis for this is that people differ inside the type and extent of prejudice they harbor. For example , a person who makes demeaning feedback about a particular ethnic group may be bigoted or just unaware. Also, people often usually do not admit to being prejudiced. (Source: (Lewin, 2012), fourteenth November, 2012, 10am)

Why do we form viewpoints about others based on their appearance, posture, terminology, and so on? All of us do this since different factors play a role in why persons stereotype one another. We stereotype, discriminate and prejudice other folks when we are not able or not willing toobtain all of the information we need to make a fair judgment regarding people or situations. Inside the absence of the so called ‘total picture, ‘ to belief people in many cases allow us to ‘fill in the absent pieces of information.  The society typically innocently produces and perpetuates stereotypes, but these stereotypes frequently lead to unjust discrimination and persecution if the person been stereotype is definitely unfavorable. For instance , if we are walking by using a park overdue at night and encounter 3 senior citizens using fur jackets and going for walks with canes, we may not really feel while threatened like we were met by 3 high school-aged boys wearing hoodies. These kinds of generalizations main from our experiences we have acquired ourselves, read in books, and mags, seen in movies or tv, or have acquired related to all of us by family and friends. In many cases, these kinds of stereotypical generalizations are moderately accurate.

Yet in almost, every case we are the hassle is prejudice by ascribing characteristics of a person depending on appearance, without knowledge of the whole facts. Simply by stereotyping, we assume that a person or maybe a group of specific characteristics. Frequently, we have stereotyped a person who could be a member of your group with which we have not had direct contact with ahead of. (Why do we stereotype?, 2012). According to psychologist Gordon Allport, prejudice and stereotypes emerge simply as a result of regular human pondering. In order to make feeling of the world around us, it is crucial to kind information in to mental categories. “The human being mind need to think with categories,  Allport discussed. “Once formed, categories will be the basis pertaining to normal prejudgment. We are unable to possibly steer clear of this process. Organised living depends on it.  This process of categorization is applicable to the social world as well, as we sort people into mental organizations based on factors such as grow older, sex and race. (Cherry, 2013) SOURCES OF STEREOTYPING, ELEGANCE AND PREJUDICE IN THE CULTURE AUTHORITHAIANISM

The authoritarian persona is rigid and inflexible and has a very low patience for concern. People with this sort of personality possess great admiration for power figures and quickly send to their is going to. They place a high value about conventional tendencies. By marking unconventional people ‘inferior’, ‘immature’ or ‘degenerate’, the authoritarians avoid s i9000 any need to question their beliefs and attitudes. SCAPE-GOATING

Unpopular group groups tend to be used as scapegoats to get other people’s complications. They are blamed for large varied points that they could not possibly have got caused. The term originates from a Hebrew traditions. On Yom Kippur, a goat was set loose in the wilderness following the high priest had symbolically laid all the sins of the person in its brain (Leviticus 16: 20-22). One particular explanation of scape-goating is the frustration-aggression theory. Its 3 basic principles will be that; (1) Frustration makes aggression.

(2) This aggression cannot properly be aimed against highly effective people and (3) The aggression can be therefore transferred to weaker individual who cannot battle such as people of an unpopular minority group. LEARNING

Although prejudice and discrimination are occasionally associated with selected personality traits or perhaps with stress, both are discovered. South Africans do not need severe personalities to acquire strong racial prejudice, because they find out such perceptions from their lifestyle. Most prejudice is bought early in the socialization process. Children choose their parents’ prejudice as naturally because they adopt all their parents’ dialect, and splendour follow prejudice as on a regular basis as evening follows day. Some of the most common prejudices happen to be taken from ethnic stereotype- ideas that portray all the users of a group as having similar fixed, usually unfavorable characteristics. ECONOMICS

Conflicts among ethnic organizations foster bias and discrimination. Some sociable scientists especially Marxists, suspect that all discord stems from economical causes. If one accepts this idea or not really, there is ample evidence that, the facts of economical completion is placed beneath very much prejudice and discrimination. In times of high lack of employment, members in the dominant group can shield their jobs by making sure that members of subordinate teams are ignored first. It has long been known that anti black misjudgment is large among white-working class males who compete with blacks pertaining to low having to pay, unskilled careers. POLITICS

The quest for electric power promotes bias and elegance just as the quest for cash does. Prominent groups employ discrimination like a technique for maintaining their electric power, appealing to well-known prejudice to justify their particular discrimination. In a few societies, personal discrimination is usually obvious and accepted simple fact of existence. For example , To the south African would not allow native Africans to vote and until quite recently, various American areas denied precisely the same right to their black people. (Coleman, 2002, pp. 193-196) ROLE OF STEREOTYPING, DAINTY AND BIAS IN TRIBAL CONFLICTS Stereotypes distort history through oversimplification but they are likewise extremely risky breeding grounds for bigotry, dread, resentment, irrationality, animosity, hatred and cultural conflict and cleansing. Stereotypes generate self-serving attitudes including we should have more mainly because we lost more than other folks, they are suffering because it is their particular fault, in fact it is their difficulty since they are eliminating their own persons and it is their very own government and have not do with it. In extremes circumstances, stereotypes have got culminated in mass physical violence, the mass displacement of millions of many other citizens, ethnic cleansing, pogroms and genocide. (A. N. K. Kasozi, 1999; G. Prunier, 1995; P. Gourevitch, 1998 and M. Mamdam, 2002). The idea of tribe was derogatorily produced in the 19th century simply by racist european scholars and journalists to designate unfamiliar ‘ nonwhite ‘ people as inferior or significantly less civilized and since having not yet evolved from , the burkha state. Coming from Kukubor, the subsequent stereotyping, discrimination and bias can lead to tribal conflicts. Via (Kukubor, 2006)

ADVOCATING SEGREGATION

This advocacy presents a opinion that diverse ethnic organizations should live apart, have got absolute control of certain normal resources, can be exposed to special benefits. This advocacy started in the Ashanti Confederacy in pre-independence unsuccessfully agitated for any Federal point out so as to appropriate the perceived wealth of the Ashanti. Extreme pride in one’s ethnic group and Obsequious patriotism is good but extreme take great pride in in your ethnic group has proven to be the fascist of all routines. CONSTANT MENTION OF THE A PERSON’S ETHNICITY

A mere reference to someone’s ethnic group on the first encounter could be

benign. Although constant reference to the person’s cultural group after having a long period f knowing that person, regardless of how innocent the references might appear, establishes unmistakably tribe patterns. BELITTLING OTHER GROUPINGS AND NOT CARING TO THE THOUGHTS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC ORGANIZATIONS. Constant critique and poker fun at of the opinions of other ethnic groups, which is frequently done sarcastically without explicitly making mention of the ethnicity of persons. Additionally it is typical to create fun of members in the ‘inferior’ cultural group. EXCESSIVE HATE FOR YOUR ETHNIC GROUP

This is where one particular adopts an exaggerated reaction to any perceived misconduct by a person of the other cultural group. From this situation, the punishment is out of proportion for the original incorrect, whether real or identified, and entirely ignores the provocation that contain led to the misconduct causing conflicts. NON- RECOGNITION FROM THE ABILITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF OTHER CULTURAL GROUPS. This kind of attitude is really endemic within our political history. Some cultural groups with this country possess consistently denied the cleverness, cultural level, social status or various other qualities of other ethnic groups in the face of overwhelming facts. CONDESCENDING FRAME OF MIND OR PATTERNS.

People present condescending frame of mind towards different members of numerous ethnic teams. They exhibit this simply by attacking additional members which cause them the majority of offense. That they even employ members of other groups they perceive as adversaries and use them to harm members of that ethnic group. These ’employees’ may openly condemn the culture with their ethnic group as in reverse and shower praises on the members of ‘superior’ cultural group. Furthermore, these people have no insight into their own prejudice. Consider that their very own prejudice is founded on objective reasons that may not be compromised. With this strong fixation, an individual has the ability to of assault and other forms of crime towards members of what this individual views while the ‘inferior’ ethnic group. For Hima/tutsi elite becoming called outstanding and alien had “a feel good effect. They were very pleased to be advised that they got racial affinities, however faraway, with the fresh colonial professionals Overtime they developed a superiority complex, that they can used to claim privileges and entitlements, which includes being hired colonial chiefs. They then reinvented the pre-colonial past to live the impression that their particular superiority experienced existed since timeimmemorial. Such as the new colonial time masters, they grounded all their rights and privileges on the right of conquering and subjugating the natives a lot of four to five centuries before the advent of European cure and profession. On their part, the local people felt dejected and resentful.

They taken the burden of taxation and compelled labor. Below colonialism, that they served two sets of masters ” the light and Hima/Tutsi elite masters. In due course, they sought to choose their expected native position to their politics advantage. In Rwanda also to some extent Ankole, the alleged natives began to make politics demands in the grass that they were the organic majority. The extremists possibly went to the extent of demanding the return with the Tutsi/Hima extraterrestrials to their initial homelands, wherever they originated from, and exactly where that might be (Doornbos, 1978: 31). This triggered the tensions of the 1940s and 1954s and the expulsion of the so-called Bayarwanda more than 30 years ago. ( www.grandslacs.net/doc/3782, 1: 15pm, 15th Nov 15, 2012) STATEGIES FOR DEALING WITH STEREOTYPING, SPLENDOUR, PREJUDICE RELATED SITUATIONS The main element to curing stereotypes is to contradict them, in immediate interactions between people, in the media, and through education. Between the persons: once people become familiar with a person from “the other area,  they are generally will determine that the various other is not really nearly because bad as they originally acquired assumed. Even if people learn that they share fear or perhaps sadness, they will begin to understand each other even more. When they arrive to understand that the other is definitely afraid of getting hurt, or losing someone close in conflict, just as they can be, that provides people with each other. Depending on the context and other communications, the image of the group as a whole could become more positive too. In the multimedia: the media also takes on an important role in the two perpetuating in addition to breaking down stereotypes. If they will characterize particular groups of people in certain methods, their visitors (or readers) are likely to do the same. Therefore if a motion picture or the movie industry on the whole, characterizes a group of people negatively, they are really likely to be perpetuating negative stereotypes and making conflicts more serious. If they emphasize good aspects of organizations that contradict prevalent stereotypes, they can have got a significant position in building mutual understanding.

In Education: Educational institutions and teaching elements also have the chance to affect stereotypes, and hence influence inter-group contact. Efforts to show about distinct cultures plus the

good different ethnicity and cultural groups can assist build inter-group understanding whether it is done in a highly effective and sympathetic way. Changing stereotypes is essentially the job of people. Each individuals should look at the assumptions that we help to make about other folks and ask ourself where these assumptions result from. (Source: (Why do we stereotype?, 2012) Training people to are more empathetic to members of other groupings is one strategy that can lessen stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice. By imaging themselves in the same situation, people are capable of think about the way they would respond and gain a greater comprehension of other people’s activities. Other techniques that are used to reduce prejudice incorporate: * Transferring laws and regulations that need fair and equal treatment for all sets of people. 2. Gaining open public support and awareness for stereotype, splendour and bias social rules. * Making people aware of the incongruencies in their personal beliefs. 2. Increased connection with members of other sociable groups. (Cherry, 2013) Pettigrew (1981) while others proposed that stereotyping, elegance and prejudice can be decreased by raising contact among groups (the contact hypothesis), social learning, social re-categorization and worsening stereotypes. ELEVATING CONTACTS AMONG GROUPS

Contact is effective under these limiting conditions:

* Teams are approximately equal in status (social, economic, or task relevant) * Get in touch with involves co-operation and interdependence

2. Contact is informal and so groups become familiar with one another since individual * Persons must regard one other as normal of their individual groups CULTURAL LEARNING

* To the extent that prejudices and stereotypes are learned, we can work in order to avoid teaching these to children 5. Parents and teachers, produced aware of their particular prejudices, may go to modify their particular behavior to encourage decrease levels of stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice in children. SOCIABLE RE-CATEGORIZATION

The normal in-group personality model (Gaertner, Dovidio ou al., 1993) * The moment members of numerous social groups come to view themselves since members of the single interpersonal entity, their particular attitudes toward the former out-group membersbecome more positive * Vital factor is definitely existence of situation by which groups communicate cooperatively toward shared goals * Strong support to get common in-group identity style from lab and field studies, nevertheless hard to implement in real life settings WEAKENING STEREOTYPES

Stereotypes could be reduced in the event persons can be made to embark on attribute-driven control thinking about the one of a kind characteristics of people. Factors that encourage attribute-driven digesting: * Give person motivation to think effectively about other folks (Neuberg, 1989) * Inform persons that their own final results depend on another’s performance, or that it is important that they type an accurate impression of other * Good outcomes pertaining to members of other groupings (e. g., career success) can counter-top stereotypes because we often credit positive features to those that have good effects. (Reducing Stereotyping, Discrimination and Prejudice, 2012) CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework involves age, software of research, gender, religious beliefs, ethnicity and tribalism which we use as a guide through the analyze.

CHAPTER several

DATA ANALYSIS

The phase three requires the data collection and examines based on the objectives. Questionnaires were given out to a sample of 100 college students to find the level of their understanding on stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice in KNUST and this was their particular response. The info analyses program used may be the SPSS. The bar chart can be used to break the frequencies to create it even more understandable and straightforward to interpret. 1 . From your 100 participants, 84% know about stereotyping, splendour and prejudice in KNUST, 8% are not aware of about it and 8% also do not really know about this. stereotyping discrimination prejudice in KNUST|

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Yes| 84| 84. 0| 84. 0| 84. 0|

| No| 8| 8. 0| 8. 0| 92. 0|

| not really| 8| 8. 0| almost 8. 0| 90. 0|

| Total| 100| 90. 0| 95. 0| |

2 . Referring to people who speak up when ever someone is usually humiliating, insulting and ridiculing another person, 47% said they usually speak up, 15% explained they often, 9% said they hardly ever and 29% said that they ignore

embarrassing insulting ridiculing another person|

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Usually| 47| 47. 0| 47. 0| 47. 0|

| Always| 15| 15. 0| 15. 0| 62. 0|

| Never| 9| 9. 0| 9. 0| 71. 0|

| Ignore| 29| 29. 0| 29. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

a few. 50% usually think about their particular comments and actions might affect other folks before communicate or work, 38% often, 6% never and 6% totally ignore how people will be troubled by their feedback and activities.

do you think your comments and actions impact others|

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Usually| 50| 40. 0| 50. 0| 40. 0|

| Always| 38| 35. 0| 37. 0| 88. 0|

| Never| 6| six. 0| six. 0| 94. 0|

| Ignore| 6| six. 0| 6th. 0| 90. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 75. 0| |

4. From your analysis, 53% usually understand the truth just before repeating or believing rumours about other folks, 23% assert they often do, 14% never find out the truth ahead of repeating or perhaps believing rumours about others and 10% just disregard.

truth just before repeating or perhaps believing rumors|

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Total Percent| Valid| Usually| 53| 53. 0| 53. 0| 53. 0|

| Always| 23| 23. 0| 23. 0| 76. 0|

| Never| 14| 14. 0| 14. 0| 90. 0|

| Ignore| 10| 10. 0| 10. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

your five. 46% usually try to fulfill and appreciate people coming from different ethnicities and organizations as people, 30% often, 13% under no circumstances and 11% ignore. understanding people by different cultures|

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Total Percent| Valid| Usually| 46| 46. 0| 46. 0| 46. 0|

| Always| 30| 30. 0| 30. 0| 76. 0|

| Never| 13| 13. 0| 13. 0| 89. 0|

| Ignore| 11| 11. 0| 11. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

6th. 36% generally help new people in their group, including persons of various nationalities, ages and sizes to feel pleasant and recognized, 52% always, 5% by no means and 7% ignore. help new people in your group nationalities and teams as individuals| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Usually| 36| thirty-six. 0| thirty eight. 0| thirty-six. 0|

| Always| 52| 52. 0| 52. 0| 88. 0|

| Never| 5| 5. 0| 5. 0| 93. 0|

| Ignore| 7| 7. 0| 7. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

several. 64% have got ever knowledgeable discrimination, stereotype and misjudgment, and 36% have never been discriminated, stereotyped and prejudiced

have you experienced stereotyping, discriminated or prejudiced | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Yes| 64| sixty four. 0| 64. 0| 64. 0|

| No| 36| thirty six. 0| thirty eight. 0| 90. 0|

| Total| 100| 75. 0| 100. 0| |

8. 2% of the participants have never been discriminated, stereotyped and

prejudiced just before, 33% few times, 33% many times and 32% simply cannot tell the quantity of times.

|

how a large number of times| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| | 2| 2 . 0| 2 . 0| 2 . 0|

| Few| 33| 33. 0| 33. 0| 35. 0|

| Many| 33| 33. 0| 33. 0| 68. 0|

| can’t tell| 32| 32. 0| 32. 0| 75. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 95. 0| |

9. 2% do not have idea about the relation, 26% their sexuality, 14% how old they are, 13% their color and 45% explained different relationships.

was it in relation to your|

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| | 2| 2 . 0| 2 . 0| 2 . 0|

| Gender| 26| 26. 0| 26. 0| 28. 0|

| Age| 14| 14. 0| 14. 0| 42. 0|

| Color| 13| 13. 0| 13. 0| 55. 0|

| any other| 45| forty five. 0| forty-five. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 90. 0| |

10. 11% said, all their gender eliminated from getting access to category positions and work as interns, 8% related this with their ethnic history. With this, some acquired problems with roommates and course mates. 13% talked of their color which usually also avoided access to the application of certain facilities, 68% had to do with their software of study which is assumed to be better than the other.

what needed it|

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Gender| 11| 10. 0| eleven. 0| 14. 0|

| Ethnicity| 8| 8. 0| almost eight. 0| 19. 0|

| Colour| 13| 13. 0| 13. 0| 32. 0|

| software of study| 68| 68. 0| 68. 0| 95. 0|

| Total| 100| 75. 0| 100. 0| |

11. 44% think people stereotype, discriminate and bias against others consciously, 29% unconsciously and 27% have no idea.

do people stereotype discriminate prejudice against others| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Consciously| 44| 44. 0| 44. 0| 44. 0|

| Unconsciously| 29| 29. 0| 29. 0| 73. 0|

| no idea| 27| 28. 0| 28. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 90. 0| 75. 0| |

12. 39% of the participants said people intentionally do it, 32% ignorantly and 29% have no idea.

In the event so why? |

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Total Percent| Valid| Intentional| 39| 39. 0| 39. 0| 39. 0|

| Ignorantly| 32| 32. 0| 32. 0| 71. 0|

| no idea| 29| up to 29. 0| 29. 0| 90. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 95. 0| |

13. 20% had a preconceived perception about others which made all of them stereotype, discriminate or misjudgment, 33% experienced preference for a particular group, 44% do it as a means of having fun, that is bullying and 3% did not response.

how is it done|

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| | 3| 3. 0| three or more. 0| three or more. 0|

| preconceived perception about others| 20| 20. 0| 20. 0| 23. 0| | inclination for a particular group| 33| thirty-three. 0| 33. 0| 56. 0| | Teasing|

44| forty-four. 0| 44. 0| 75. 0|

| Total| 100| 95. 0| 90. 0| |

14. 20% agreed that matured learners are stereotyped, discriminated the majority of on grounds, 14% consent it is overseas students, 38% claim it is ethnic teams, 12% believe religious connection, 11% believe alma subject and five per cent talk of hall of home.

which group is been stereotyped discriminate prejudice one of the most on campus| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| matured students| 20| 20. 0| 20. 0| 20. 0|

| international students| 14| 14. 0| 14. 0| 34. 0|

| ethnic group| 38| 37. 0| 35. 0| seventy two. 0|

| faith based affiliation| 12| 12. 0| 12. 0| 84. 0|

| Alma matter| 11| eleven. 0| 10. 0| 95. 0|

| admission of residence| 5| your five. 0| 5. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 90. 0| 75. 0| |

15. 31% of participants claim stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice is high amongst students on campus, 11% say simply no, 45% say is fairly substantial and 13% had no clue. is stereotype discrimination bias very high amongst students about campus| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Total Percent| Valid| Yes| 31| 31. 0| 31. 0| 31. 0|

| No| 11| 11. 0| 10. 0| 40. 0|

| Fairly| 45| forty five. 0| forty-five. 0| 87. 0|

| simply no idea| 13| 13. 0| 13. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

of sixteen. From the research, 13% in the respondents agree people are conscious of the effects of stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice, 32% agree people are awre but donot value the effects, 38% agree folks are not really mindful of the effects and 17% claim they have no idea.

Are people aware of the consequences of stereotyping, discrimination prejudice? | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| certainly, they are| 13| 13. 0| 13. 0| 13. 0|

| yes, they are but do not care| 32| 32. 0| thirty-two. 0| forty-five. 0| | not really| 38| 38. 0| 35. 0| 83. 0|

| simply no idea| 17| 17. 0| 17. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

17. 50% assert people simply ignore the effects, 31% claim people are unaware and 19% claim because of the selfish aspirations on the part of perpetrators. why that answer|

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Ignorance| 31| thirty-one. 0| thirty-one. 0| 31. 0|

| that they ignore the effect| 50| 40. 0| 40. 0| seventy eight. 0|

| self-centered ambition| 19| 19. 0| 19. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

18. 56% declare people contain or rule out others coming from interactions by using idioms or accents, 15% said zero, 28% declare they had no clue about the question asked.

contain or banish others from interactions through idioms or perhaps accents| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Yes| 56| 56. 0| 56. 0| 56. 0|

| No| 15| 15. 0| 15. 0| 71. 0|

| no idea| 28| 28. 0| twenty-eight. 0| 99. 0|

| Total| 100| 95. 0| 100. 0| |

19. 57% agree stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice could affect the calm environment of KNUST, 22% disagree and 21% aren’t really sure of that stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice may affect the peaceful environment.

can stereotyping discrimination prejudice affect the environment of KNUST| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid|

Agree| 57| 57. 0| 57. 0| 57. 0|

| Disagree| 22| 22. 0| 22. 0| seventy nine. 0|

| certainly not really| 21| 21. 0| 21. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

20. 10% claim hatred among different organizations prevent all of them from working together, 27% declare division and conflict, 17% talked of frustration and anger for victims which in the long run may disrupt steadiness and 46% claim they do not have any kind of idea about how stereotyping, splendour and bias can affect the peaceful environment of KNUST.

In which method can this happen if perhaps agreed? |

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Total Percent| Valid| hatred between different groups| 10| 12. 0| 10. 0| 12. 0| | division and conflict| 27| 27. 0| 27. 0| 37. 0|

| frustration and anger| 17| 17. 0| 17. 0| 54. 0|

| no idea| 46| 46. 0| 46. 0| 75. 0|

| Total| 100| 90. 0| 75. 0| |

21. 43% claim inferiority and superiority feeling contributes to tribal clashes, 29% discussed the use of unfavorable words, 26% talked about solid allegiance and 2% assert they do not possess any idea.

how does stereotyping discrimination misjudgment lead to tribal conflicts| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| inferiority and superiority| 43| 43. 0| 43. 0| 43. 0| | usage of negative words| 29| twenty nine. 0| up to 29. 0| 72. 0|

| strong allegiance| 26| dua puluh enam. 0| 21. 0| 98. 0|

| simply no idea| 2| 2 . 0| 2 . 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

twenty two. 74% acknowledge whiles 26% disagree that stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination affect the individual personality in expanding himself

stereotyping prejudice elegance affect the individual personality in developing himself| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Agree| 74| 74. 0| 74. 0| 74. 0|

| Disagree| 26| 26. 0| 21. 0| 90. 0|

| Total| 100| 75. 0| 75. 0| |

23. 42% of the respondents claim people suffer psychological trauma whiles 58% endure low self-pride. why affected|

| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| emotional trauma| 42| 42. 0| 40. 0| forty two. 0|

| low self esteem| 58| 49. 0| 58. 0| 95. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

24. 61% of the respondents think anything can be done to eliminate the situation and 36% think nothing is possible and 3% could not answer. do you think nearly anything can be done to remove stereotyping elegance and prejudice| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| | 3| 3. 0| 3. 0| 3. 0|

| Yes| 61| 61. 0| 61. 0| 64. 0|

| No| 36| 36. 0| 36. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

twenty-five. 52% in the respondents said public education can fix the situation, 10% talked of penalty, twenty percent talked of equal treatment, 12% spiritual organization and 6% discussed of open public programs.

What measures do you suggest may be put in place to fix the above issue? | | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Total Percent| Valid| public education| 52| 52. 0| 52. 0| 52. 0|

| Penalty| 10| 10. 0| 10. 0| 62. 0|

| equal treatment| 20| twenty. 0| 20. 0| 82. 0|

| faith based organization| 12| 12. 0| 12. 0| 94. 0|

| public programs| 6| six. 0| 6. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 95. 0| 100. 0| |

26. 24% there is sociable misfit inside the society because of stereotyping, discrimination and misjudgment, 20% talk of social addictions, 29% assert people have dedicated suicide due to the situation and folks lack self-control as a result of the situation. people recently been astray because of stereotyping discrimination prejudice| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Total Percent| Valid| social misfit| 24| twenty four. 0| 24. 0| 24. 0|

| social vices| 20| twenty. 0| 20. 0| forty-four. 0|

| Suicide| 29| 30. 0| 29. 0| 73. 0|

| not enough self-control| 27| 27. 0| 27. 0| 100. 0|

| Total| 100| 100. 0| 100. 0| |

PHASE 4

Working on stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice features broadened our knowledge for the many difficulties people deal with as a result of this issue. With our research objectives becoming; Identifying why people stereotype, discriminate and prejudice against others in the society. Analyzing the sources of stereotype, discriminate and misjudgment in the culture. Recognizing the role of stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice in tribe conflicts. Learning about strategies for working with stereotyping, discrimination and misjudgment related conditions. We have having the capacity to conclude the findings depending on the targets. 4. you SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Misjudgment, stereotyping, and discrimination generally go hand-in-hand, but it is also possible to acquire one without the others. Stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice have important perceptions for consequences and manners towards sociable groups. Stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice are learnt when ever one is children and designed through the technique of socialization. In the event that stereotyping, splendour and prejudice was an individual problem, anybody affected may just go up straight to confront whoever triggered it yet this is the circumstance where most the people in the world atleast when in their lives have experienced or perhaps witnessed this case which has carried out nothing but influenced their self improvement.

For instance, from your survey done, majority of the respondents, primarily students possess suffered stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice some of which pertains to their gender, ethnic background, plan of study, age, lounge of connection, etc . From your survey, all of us realized what folks, who stereotype, discriminate and prejudice gain. These include ego-defense function, value-expressive, knowledge function and utilitarian function. The ego-defense function is when folks protect someones view of themselves within the social and personal level. Value-expressive has to do with people having their own values and behavioral consistencies in looking at their own social values, best practice rules and practice first while the proper and civilized thought process and performing. Knowledge function is people defending their very own knowledge foundation so that they look at others not having such expertise as unaware and bad. Utilitarian function is when folks protect the majority in the group to make items easier. The negativity of stereotyping, elegance and prejudice has gone up by leaps and bounds.

People are even more apt to stereotype, discriminate and prejudice others because they feel better than them, since they are afraid another problem is that it can often be the common thing to do in this time period. This issue specifically stereotyping is generally not correct and employed in a sense to hurt someone’s feelings. It is the lack of understanding and ignorance that we stereotype, discriminate and prejudice putting second hand brands on someone. Stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice affect each of our relations with others as well as the society at large. At the cultural level, most of the people get angry when they are o, discriminated and prejudice against. This situation when not attended to causes tribal clashes in the long run. Just how? People develop their feelings towards the other folks and mostly retaliate through conflicts. Abnormal hatred towards other cultural groups, not recognizing the achievements of other cultural groups, a single group sense superior more than others and lots of others causes tribal issues and prevents the development of the ethnic organizations in general. four. 2 CONCLUSION

Stereotypes are oversimplified tips about sets of people, splendour refers to actions, and whiles prejudice identifies thoughts and feelings. Stereotyping (belief)

Bias (thoughts and feelings)

Elegance (action)

Stereotyping, discrimination and misjudgment is a very enormous issue that ought to be given much attention. It might affect the specific in producing his or her individuality and low self-esteems, this leads to build-up feelings and hatred to others, that prevents the employment of qualified people into certain positions, tribe conflicts and disagreements and on the larger range, affects the development of KNUST. four. 3 RECOMMENDATION

There can not be absolute actions to eliminate this case. This is because we often unconsciously belief, discriminate and prejudice others without even recognizing it but there are certain important factors that can be applied to suppress this situation. On the part of us since individuals:

5. We must be honest with ourselves, confront each of our biases and ethnocentric behaviour. * We need to question the contents of our stereotypes and check against our real interactions with out-group associates. * We ought to be concerned about just how our bad images relating to out-group members affect our biased attitudes and communications. * We ought to use qualifying languages the moment describing associates of out-group. * We have to put yourself in regular inter-group get in touch with situations being comfortable with other folks. On the part of KNUST as a interpersonal institution, there ought to be; * Public education on the issue to get people’s awareness of it. * Penalties should be given out to the people who are seen to be stereotyping, discrimination and prejudicing. 5. Equal treatment

* Faith based organizations will need to talk about this problem and try to deliver people from different backgrounds and cultures collectively. * Open public programs to bring people jointly to know more about themselves and work together to get the common great of the culture.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Reducing Stereotyping, Discrimination and Prejudice. (Retrived 2012, Nov

doze, 10: 21am) http://www.usu.edu/psy3510/prejudice.html So why do people discriminate. (Retrived 2012, November 2, 10am). Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination Why do we stereotype? (2012, November 18). Livetext. http://uk.ask.com/beauty/Why-Do-We-Stereotype Cherry, K. (Retreived 2013, 04 6). Precisely what is Prejudice? About. com Guide. Coleman, M. W. (2002). Social Challenges. Prentice Hall.

Colledge, O. (2013). Stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice. Introduction to Sociology. Retrived 2013 March, 06, 01: 12pm) http://cnx.org/content/m42860/latest/?collection=col11407/latest Kukubor, T. B. (2006, November 14). Ethnicity, Discrimination and Nationwide Integration. Daily Graphic, p. 9. Lewin, K. (Retrived 2012, Nov 14, 10am). Stereotypes and Prejudice. SparkNotes http://www.sparknotes.com/. Lorne Tepperman, M. M. (1991). Macro/Micro, Short Introduction To Sociology. Canada: Prentice Hall. Maddox, K. W. ( Retrived 2012, March 23). Rethinking Racial Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination. Science Briefs. http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2006/04/maddox.aspx http://www.knust.edu.gh/pages/sections.php?siteid=knust&mid=14 DJL. (2008). Hypotheses of misjudgment. Learn Something totally new Today.

1