Psychodynamic and behavioural essay

Introduction

In this essay I’m going to describe and assess the core assumptive perspectives in counselling, behavioural, cognitive behavioural, humanistic and psychodynamic hypotheses, the view in the person in therapy, the blocks to functioning in the person in therapy plus the goals and techniques of each theory. Let me compare and contrast the approaches looking at the comparison between the coaching perspectives and how the counsellor in every theory vary in their ways to counselling their very own clients. This kind of essay will present and distinction the workings of the 4 major ideas of counselling psychology mainly ” psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural and person-centred.

First Let me describe what counselling comprises, introducing every single in turn.

My personal discussion is going to examine the four hypotheses or methods for a good the creator and a rationale intended for why we were holding led to bringing out a new remedy approach and a draw of the key concepts. Further more, I will check out methods and processes utilized by each theory, the particular roles played by the therapist and the consumer and the different situations to which the theory can be applied.

Finally I will examine the constraints of the theory and how very well it combines with other methods.

Throughout this paper I will offer my own view with the issues currently happening and in so doing strive a activity of the four theories The goal of writing this kind of essay should be to widen my own knowledge and insight from the four theories, their skills and creation, their ideologies and how that they influence individual behaviour. This kind of academic dissertation is going to type part of the requirements for the award of Diploma in counselling studies at the Kenya Association of Professional counsellors in Kisumu.

Counselling

The function of guidance is to assist individuals to resolve problem areas in their life. Coaching provides an chance for the person to explore the difficult emotions, thoughts and behaviours that contain blocked the best way to satisfying relationships, personal happiness. The purpose of coaching is to help clients accomplish their personal goals, and gain increased insight into all their lives. One hopes that by the end of the process one particular will be moresatisfied with his or her life. Counselling is definitely not a procedure where the counsellor tells the customer what they should do or decides options for the client to make. Rather it is an opportunity for the client to come to a larger understanding of anyone that he or she is with the help of the counsellor.

Guidance is to assist individuals through a helping relationship to make adjustments and modifications in their lives to alleviate pressure and reduce unrest. To create and discover choices these are available to counsellor to be able to eliminate bad responses via challenging conditions. The client marriage with their counsellor is private. No data concerning the consumer will be introduced without all their consent. Guidance does not offer instant answers. The regularity of the person visits will be determined by the customer and their counsellor. Living in the modern world, surrounded by distress and at times apparent damage, we are all generally exposed to issues and demanding situation. We all encounter concerns such as romance difficulties, job demands, financial obligations, unemployment, divorce or other pressures we might face on a regular basis. Psychodynamic Theory

Psychodynamic hypotheses relate relatively to the approach we look and behave as people and strive to provide a construction for us to know these areas of our personalities often each of our experiences in childhood and particularly each of our early associations. Much of psychodynamic thinking via Freud’s theory of psychosexual development (Freud, 1905) to Winnicott’s use children we have a recognition that people develop habits in conduct early within our lives that could shape the way we connect with the world consequently these hypotheses are referred to as developmental hypotheses (Spurling, 2005, pg. 2). Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

The psychodynamic theory was first postulated by Sigmund Freud because psychoanalysis essentially learned in overcoming his emotional pain, the dynamics of personality development (Corey, 2000) He developed any in hypnosis which was an early precursor of psychotherapy. 1st born of a Viennese family of 3 boys and girls, this individual graduated by medical school and became a psychotherapist Simple Assumptions and Key Concepts

The counselling theories most encompass restorative techniques in addition to a model of a persons personality. Freud’s views of human nature is that the human creatures was controlled by irrational forces and instinctual hard disks established in childhood where people are products of their conditions and natural unconscious pushes. These intuition serve as a meaning of survival to get the individual where goal of life is to enhance pleasure and avoid pain. The reviewed individual personality since comprising of three components The ID

The primitive, it is instinctive, illogical, lacks organization, looks for pleasure. Genetic factors are represented by ID. the Id does not have judgement worth (good compared to evil) and has no values. The EGO

Refined by contact with the outside world the ego is practical, organized and logical. Extremely Ego

Representing the authority statistics, the very ego is judgemental, great, strives to get perfection and informs the person’s moral code. It presents reality from the external community. Freud assumed that intended for psychological health all three had to be in balance (Hough, 2002) the ego’s role was to balance the conflicting requirements between the id and the super ego that led to pressure in order to guard the ego from bad energy defence mechanisms develop; these include denial, repression, regression and others.

He saw human being development through stages denominated by changing awareness and attitudes to human sexuality organs. Consequently, he created the notion of libido which usually he calls the energy of all life intuition. This energy then is the motivation that drives all of us to the central goal of life to enhance delight and avoid pain. Later he came up with the death predatory instincts that accounts for human hostility in his perspective, those unconscious drives figure out how people act (Corey, 2000). Defence Systems

According to psychoanalysis, for the individual confronts a turmoil among the ID, ego and super spirit over the control over psychic (mind) energy, this individual adopts several defence systems to cope with the challenges. While all protection mechanisms could be unhealthy, they can also be adaptive and allow us to function normally. The greatest challenges arise when the defence mechanismsare over used in order to steer clear of problems. [Class remarks, certificate in counselling research, 2014] Anxiety

You will discover three types of anxiety, one particular being actuality anxiety which can be in touch with reality threat, second is neurotic anxiety which can be concern individuals instincts which will get out of hands and additionally moral stress which is fear of own mind. So when anxiety express is in extra, one goes into ego defence mechanisms in order to cope. This kind of happens mostly at the unconscious level and the aim should be to either refuse or perspective (class records, diploma in counselling research, 2014, pg. 65) Fact examples of defence mechanisms contain repression which acts to hold information away of mindful awareness. Nevertheless these components don’t simply disappear that they continue to effect our actions. E. g. a person who has repressed memories of mistreatment as a child, might later have a problem forming relationship Displacement

Applying for our worries, feelings and impulses upon people or objects which can be less frightening egg when a boss offers annoyed a person as he/she cannot argue with the boss he instead conveys anger toward a person or thing that positions no threat such as partner, pet or perhaps children or house service personnel. Sublimation

Diverging sexual or perhaps aggressive strength to socially acceptable behaviour, for example a person experiencing extreme anger might take up kickboxing as a method of air flow frustrations, Expansion Stages

Freud linked different varieties of conflicts to specific levels of a infant’s development, this individual classified these in terms of areas of the body, this individual believed to represent the source of child’s sexual desire on intimate instinct during the time he called them dental, from birth to 1 year, anal via 1 year to 3years, phallic from a few to 6 years, latent coming from 6 to 12 years and genital by 12 to 18years. Freud believed that if a child does not make a deal any of this kind of stages, they will get fixated that is they psychologically stay in that stage and do not maneuver effectively towards the others. One example is you may find a 12 year old still sucking the thumb, a characteristic of the oral stage. The adolescent is usually inturmoil since she/he discovers the home. Goals

The goal can be psychodynamic theory is that you modify persons character by looking into making the subconscious conscious and two to strengthen the spirit so that conduct is based more on reality than in instinct. Tactics

There are many approaches used to assist in the consumers to gain insight into their behavior and that means of symptoms and they contain, free affiliation whereby clients are made to unwind so that they can reveal whatever comes to their head uncensored whether or not it is foul or if it seems useless and this is usually to bring out material by unconscious brain (Jones, 2006) another one can be dream examination where while sleeping the defences are decreased and overpowered, oppressed feelings surface.

These may well point to a lot of unresolved problems, and in transference analysis, transference manifest itself on the point when a client’s incomplete business causes them to perspective the present reality and to react to therapist as they did towards the father, mother as significant others. Through Freudian slip or slipping of the tongue, unconscious thoughts and feelings can be utilized in conscious brains. Freud thought that slides of tongue provide an regarding the unconscious mind and not accidental each behaviour which include slips with the tongue was significant hence determining behavior (Corey, 2001) Limitations and Weaknesses

Some of the ideas (penis envy, Oedipus) are outdated in terms of the contemporary universe, and it is wondered by a few theorists/practitioners if these concepts are medically useful It requires a long time commitment in terms of time and resources to complete the psychoanalytic remedy and process. His many other proponent Carl Jung preserves that our behavior is not only shaped by our earlier events only but by present in addition to the future. Erik Eriksson

Freud did not endure divergent sights from himself and this led his contemporaries and learners establishing their particular theoretical strategies, these included Alfred Adler (1870-1937) who have introduced what he calls (individual psychology) in 1911 another one was Erik Eriksson[ 1963] extended his theory of psychosocial perspective by simply stressing thepsychosocial aspects of development beyond years as a child. His theory of man development keeps that both equally psychosexual and psychosocial expansion take place jointly and that every single stage in every area of your life we deal with the task of establishing equilibrium among ourselves and our sociable lives. This individual describes development in terms of the entire lifespan divided by certain crisis to get resolved. This individual describe the crisis as turning point anytime when we potentially have to move ahead or regress. To significant extend each of our life is because of the choices all of us make each and every of these levels. Behavioural Theory

Behaviour therapy, lie thier name implies is the psychotherapy that focuses on the change or improvement of behaviour rather than the healing from the heart or perhaps the mind as Jan Ehrenwald called this ‘psychotherapy devoid of psyche’ (Ehrenwald, 1976) even though its key focus is on the behavior only, yet , in its scientific approach, behavioural therapy have been used to treat variety of disorders such as anxiety attacks, eating disorders and sexual disorders etc . in addition to the clinical procedure behaviour therapy has been utilized in the area of business, universities and rehabilitation centres.

Furthermore behaviour adjustments, though different approach although based upon comparable techniques and assumptions double to correct undesired behaviour and promote adaptable behaviours within our daily life. Because an overall theory the special emphasis is definitely on overwhelming role of environmental eventualities in impacting on the buy and repair of behaviour (Jones, 2006) Pavlov’s classical health.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) research around the digestive system of dogs generated his finding of the classical conditioning process which indicated that the learning procedure could be utilized to make an association between a great environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring incitement the underlying belief in classical conditioning is that actions can be manipulated and that human beings can be built to do things without having to be aware of these people just as Pavlov was able to condition a dog to salivate at the sound of the bell.

This kind of experiment demonstrates that the environment can be manipulated to produce the desired behaviour or response, for example in counselling the client can be conditioned to produce the required result such as to undo-options a negative practice such as dread. Pavlov’s studies intoconditioned reflex were essential to the founding of actions therapy (Jones, 2006). Skinners Operant Behaviourism

B. N Skinner (1904-1990) was born in Susquehanna Pa. He came across the concept of operant conditioning which usually demonstrated the result of punishment and support on actions. According to him, reward and consequence make people act in certain methods, positive support aims to increase the frequency of a response by simply filling it with a great event (rewards) while bad reinforcement makes use of punishment, drawback of the advantages. The term ‘operant’ emphasizes the fact that behavior operates on the environment to create consequences.

Hence the consequences establish the homes with respect to which in turn responses will be viewed as similar He identified that Pavlov called all events that strengthened behavior in his dog ‘reinforcement’ plus the resulting improvements their non-reflex behaviour ‘conditioning’. However , the critical difference is that in Pavlov’s work, the reinforced is paired with stimulus, although in operant behaviour it truly is contingent upon a response. Traditional and operant conditioning will be the only two possible kinds of conditioning. (Jones, 2006) Albert Bandura’s Cultural learning

Bandura(1925) was born and raised in Mundare in Northern Alberta, Canada he graduated from the university of British Republic of colombia with a psychology major and later received a doctorate in clinical psychology from university or college of NEW JERSEY and it had been there that he came under the influence of behaviourist tradition and learning theory. He spread social learning theory. It postulates that individuals are capable of learning vicariously simply by observing behaviourism of others and its effects and imitating that actions. The key learning aspects include observation, preservation, and motivational imitation. (Jones, 2006) Goals

Main goal should be to create new condition pertaining to learning. The behavioural approach helps produce effective ways of managing conditions of the client through actions modifications tactics and the rules of reward and punishments. It is assumed that such learning experiences may restructure behavior. Assumptions

The main assumption of behavioural approach is that behaviors learnt can be unlearnt for example the unacceptable conduct such as smoking cigarettes can be ended. TechniquesBehavioural techniques use a selection of methods and techniques such as; relaxation training, systematic desensitization, token economies just to refer to a few. These training methods tend to be utilized to help people learn innovative ways and get over maladaptive behaviours. Relaxation teaching method aims at achieving muscles and mental relaxation, it is just a useful knowledge in publishing physical and mental exhaustion. While systematic desensitization is founded on the principle of traditional conditioning and it is used to address anxiety based upon maladaptive conduct or avoidance reaction (Corey, 2001) Restrictions and Weak points

Behaviour Transform is based on the idea of learning and that behaviour may be learnt and unlearnt and re-learnt in contrast opinions present that a lot of behaviours happen to be hereditary (genetic) also behavioural approach relates to a customer’s current problems and the elements that effect them rather than the reasons ultimately causing the problem or historical determinants. The counsellor assumes the fact that client’s problems are influenced by simply present circumstances for example at time this ignores the key relational and historical factors of present behaviour. Cognitive Behavioural Remedy

In its simplest form, intellectual behavioural remedy (or CBT as it is referred) refers to the approach of changing dysfunctional behaviours and thoughts to realistic and healthy ones. CBT encompasses several kinds of therapy concentrating on the impact of the individual’s considering as it pertains to expressed behaviours. Such models include logical emotive therapy(RET), rational emotive behavioural therapy(REBT), behavioural therapy (BT), Realistic Behaviour Therapy (RBT), programa focused therapy and Cognitive therapy (CT). Most recently additional variations have already been linked to CBT such as a great acceptance and commitment remedy (ACT), dialectic behavioural therapy (DBT) and mindfulness based cognitive remedy ( MBCT) (Harrington and Pickles, 2009). The main aspect that all these kinds of branches of therapy talk about is that each of our thought connect with our exterior behaviours.

External events and individuals will not cause the negative thoughts or feelings. Nevertheless instead the perception of events and situations is the root cause (National Association of Cognitive Behavioural therapists 2010) Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)

Albert Ellis (1913) was born in Pittsburgh he combined humanistic, philosophical and behavioural remedy to form rational emotive therapy, (now called rational emotive behaviour remedy or REBT) Ellis may be referred to as the grandfather of cognitive remedy. Ellis started to be dissatisfied with practicing psychoanalysis and psychiatric therapy and started to focus more on philosophical beliefs which include those that clientele could modify self-defeating behaviours by changing their points of View (P. 333, Sharf, 2012) Ellis was the first to connect the impact of thoughts as they relate with behaviour when he published in 1962, Cause and Emotion psychotherapy (Walsh, 2010) Ellis work true that an person’s underlying contemplating him/herself directly affected his or her behaviours and as a therapist his goal was to help the clients be a little more reasonable in thoughts and ultimately used behaviours. Presumptions

The basic presumptions of REBT is that people contribute to their own psychological difficulty as well as to certain symptom incidentally they translate events and situations. The approach views human trouble as stemming from disturbances in the believed or cognitive process which will people are disturbed not simply by events themselves but by their view of events. Emotions are produced from our philosophy, evaluation, meaning and reactions to life conditions and that changing these is going to lead to a big change in the way you feel about things and consequently the way you behave and also the actions put into effect (Corey 2005) The strategies teaches individuals to become realistic in thoughts in order to eliminate irresponsible actions Ellis came up with the A-B-C theory based unit to create alterations which basically states that emotional and behavioural effects (C) would be the results initiating events.

(A) And illogical beliefs (B) of those situations. Later G and Elizabeth are bought into play with (D) addressing the detecting and discussing element and (E) turns into the new impact or conduct. Other methods used in REBT that are major component of CBT are visualizations, skill teaching, homework and roleplaying effortless that Elli’s REBT and Beck’s cognitive are very comparable, however , Ellis disputes this and states that there are significant differences, as do some therapists who take those side of Beck and favour intellectual therapy (Padesky and Beck, 2003, 2007) Cognitive Theory

Aaron Big t. Beck (6 1921) came to be in Charité, Rhode Isle. His childhood was seen as a adversity. Aaron Becks is definitely widely famous for his contribution to CBT. Almost 50 years ago Becks, who have initially was interested in despression symptoms, found the depressed persons carried various biases within their cognitive processing leading him to create Cognitive Theory (C. T) (Burns, 1999. ) Beck noticed that individuals display an “internal communication program within themselves, from which they formed their very own beliefs or what Beck called programa (Shard, p371). An individual’s schizzo represents their very own distorted pondering patterns and determines how they view or perhaps perceive incidents. For those that happen to be depressed, the schema frequently consists of negative thoughts along with self-criticism and self-blame. More specifically, this intellectual schema shown “three fundamental themes of private ineffectiveness, personal degradation, as well as the world is essentially an unpleasant place (Walsh, 2010). 

This type of thinking generally resulted in people prophesying failure and catastrophe for themselves. He also discovered during remedy that his depressed clientele consistently terminated positive thoughts in order to give attention to the negative thoughts. Many of this kind of thoughts seemed to be automatic and spontaneous, leading him to coin the phrase ANTs better generally known as automatic mental poison. Such thoughts, ideas and beliefs resulted in clients trusting that they had been unlovable, useless, and despicable. In 1976, Beck published Cognitive Therapies and the Emotional Disorders leading others to take notice of the concept. This individual also written for the field greatly with some of the most famous and utilized assessments such as the Beck Despression symptoms Inventory (BDI), Beck Pessimism Scale (BHS), and Beck scale intended for suicidal ideation (BSS), Beck anxiety weighing machines (BAI), and the Beck youngsters inventories of social disability (BYI).

Goal

Cognitive therapy instructs clients the right way to think about their thinking in order to correct faulty cognitive processing and develop assumptions thatallow them to handle. It also aims to impact behavioural skills tightly related to client’s problems for example hearing and connection skills pertaining to distressed lovers and assertion skills to get shy people (Jones, 2006) Technique

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is directive and persuasive and in many cases confrontive, although it can also be reflective and methodized in its way (Corsini and Wedding 1995) the practitioners takes on the role of any teacher showing that distorted thinking helping the clients discover and procedure emotions and practicing new skills by way of position play. In cognitive remedy, There is a hefty reliance about homework projects and it is greatly skill centered method. Constraints

CBT will not suit everyone and it is not really helpful for most conditions. You have to be committed and chronic in dealing with and improving your health problem with the help of the specialist. It can be hard work. The research may be difficult and demanding. You may be taken ‘out of your comfort zone’ when dealing with situations which cause anxiety or perhaps distress. Nevertheless , many individuals have greatly taken advantage of from a course of CBT. In order to gain from cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) you need to make certain you give a significant level of dedication and involvement. Due to the methodized nature of CBT, it may not be suitable for individuals that have more sophisticated mental wellness needs, or perhaps learning problems. Cognitive Behaviour modification

Donald Meichenbaum was another main alternative to rational emotive behavior (CBM) which will focuses on changing clients self-verbalization, according to Meichenbaum (1977), self-statements have an effect on a person’s behaviours in much the same way as statements of another person the therapeutic method consists of training clients to change the recommendations they give to themselves to enable them to cope more effectively with the challenges they face. Emphasis on obtaining practical dealing skills pertaining to problematic scenarios such as impulsive and aggressive behaviour, fear of taking tests, fear of public speaking. On how conduct changes, he describes three phases 1 being self-observant, here clients observe theirbehaviours by playing themselves after that phase two is for beginning a new inside dialogue, below clients discover how to notice the maladaptive behaviours and start to see chances for adaptive behavioural alternatives. Phase three for learning new skills. In that case modification method consists of instructing client more efficient skills. Presumptions

Meichenbaum works on the assumption that there are multiple realities and one of the restorative tasks should be to help consumers appreciate the way they construct their very own realities and exactly how they author their testimonies (Corey 2001). Humanistic Theory

Humanistic theory focuses on good attributes about what they considered it is to always be human. To better understand a few of the attributes and notions of humanistic theory the following daily news analysis’s two humanistic ideas in turn; particularly Maslow’s conceiving of self-actualization and Rogers phenomenological centered personality theory. This is accompanied by discussing several strengths and limitations to humanistic theories in understanding associations, others plus the self. Abraham Maslow’s Pecking order of requirements

According to Abraham Maslow our actions are motivated in order to accomplish certain requires using a pyramid model to show off the structure of human needs he suggests that folks are motivated to fulfil the basic needs just before moving on to other heightened needs. Requires at the bottom from the hierarchy happen to be basic physical requirements which include need of water, sleep, air and warmth. Once this lower level needs have already been met. Persons can proceed to the next level of needs that are safety and security. since people improvement up the pyramid, needs become increasingly mental and social. So when the need for like, friendship and intimacy turn into important. Even more up the pyramid the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority, Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization which is a procedure for growing and developing as a person to be able to achieve individual potential. This kind of Hierarchy of needs was presented inside the formation of your triangle Person-Centred

American psychologist Carl Rogers (1902-1987) is normally considered to befounder of this way of thinking. Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Maple Park, Illinois. Carl was the fourth of six children. He preserved there were three conditions which constitute the climate to market the personal development Genuineness: this is the realness and congruence. In accordance to Rogers the more a counsellor is usually real and true inside the relationship and is also not setting up personal façade and specialist face the greater the client will change positively. Absolute, wholehearted Positive Respect: This is the simple act of accepting every traits and behaviours inside the client so long as it does not include causing significant harm to others.

Positive view is certainly not withdrawn if the client really does wrong or perhaps makes a oversight Empathy: Rogers believed that the counsellor will need to experience a precise understanding of the client’s understanding of his own experience and possess this understanding to the consumer. Carl Rogers believed which the client simply by establishing a productive romance with a knowledge counsellor can resolve issues and gain the insight necessary to restructure their life. Assumption

The key assumption is one that individuals are good and moving towards good supplied the environment is supportive and two, people have the capacity to solve their own complications through the self-actualizing tendency and thirdly individuals are unique, singular and individual. Techniques

Humanistic coaching is aimed at helping the counselling consumer make different choices. This type of counselling gives the consumer as much liberty to be him self in the counselling setting as it can be. The counsellor’s role is usually to accept the client as the girl with and immediate her to look at her choices objectively, but not to inflict choices on her behalf or direct her behaviour in any particular manner. Humanistic counselling contains active listening, gestalt tactics and no confrontational questioning. Energetic Listening Effective listening helps the client determine his own thoughts and feelings by summarizing to get him the information or subtext of what he says.

For example , if the customer says this individual feels uncreative lately, the counsellor may well comment, “You’re really creating a dry spell,  or perhaps “It should be frustrating never to have virtually any ideas when you want to operate.  This provides you with the client a feeling of visibility”the counsellor sees, understands and accepts who this individual really is”as well as putting a certain name as to the he is experiencing. In somecases, this gives your customer new skills to identify his own emotions outside of the treatment room. When utilizing active tuning in, counsellors needs to be careful to reword mental content rather than repeating that verbatim, because the latter strategy can come off as glib or “not really listening.  Aussehen Techniques

Aussehen techniques really are a subset of humanistic guidance aimed at assisting the client combine her thoughts, feelings and experiences therefore her behavior is in line with her ideals and emotions, according to Psychology Today Treatment Middle. Common aussehen techniques consist of free connection and psychodrama. In free of charge association, the customer is asked to say the first word or perhaps phrase that pops into her mind in response into a word, expression or imperfect sentence. Psychodrama involves dialoguing with facets of the personal, such as the inner child. Consumers may be asked to switch in one seat to another in order to speak from the point of view of each and every such feature or to write out dialogues between these elements. Open-Ended Concerns

Asking open-ended questions assists the client get deeper into his very own thoughts about an issue. These questions provide a starting point intended for deeper believed without conveying the counsellor’s point of view, which could unduly effect the client. The questions require the client to express something much more than “yes or “no and prevent language that might lead him to a particular answer. Abilities and failings of Humanistic Theories

Just like every theory designed for app in the knowledge of mankind, Humanistic theories possess both advantages and many disadvantages. Thus this section will certainly address the major strengths and weaknesses of Humanistic theory in turn. One of the major strengths attributed to Humanistic theory is the idea that the subject can be fully accountable and in power over their actions. This is in stark compare to the symbole behind psychoanalysis. Leading out of this assumption is the notion that humanistic hypotheses promote the idea of being human, self-fulfilment and realistic and observable goals that can be obtained. A final strength to Humanistic theory may be the idea that coming from a clinical perspective it gives an open space where a patent can express virtually any feeling of thought without being led down apath to revisit traumatic occasions which they might not feel comfortable discussing.

One of the major weak points with Humanistic theories can be lack of empirical evidence to support its promises. Academics such as Maslow had been widely criticized in this respect with regards to an absence of technological empirical facts. A further and related criticism of Humanistic theories is their failure and unsuitability to be used within a metaphysical arena. Whilst Freud and contemporary Freudians managed to push towards integrity and values through the same criticism of lack of empirical evidence, Humanistic theories have yet to encroach around the metaphysical area of interest. A final criticism of Humanistic theories is that many professionals view this kind of discipline since motivated by the cold realities of psychoanalysis and is a discipline which can be based on the resistance from the unconscious; furthermore the discipline has appeared to be in decrease in recent history. Conclusion

I have come towards the conclusion that the 4 techniques happen to be complementary and one can draw from each, and the four methods of psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioural, behaviourism, and humanistic psychology, represent the fundamental ways of looking at human beings and the behavioural problems. It is therefore essential to get a knowledge of all the methods so as to know how to help clients with diverse problems fix them. We therefore choose Eclecticism mainly because it acknowledges an individuals is a complicated being and a single strategy cannot be sufficient enough to cater for this complexity.

I like to recommend that a therapist/counsellor gets right knowledge and training of all the theories in order to be able to advice a client efficiently. Cognitive behavioural approaches offers mainly with what is notion and evident to the client in my look at more exploration needs to be performed and the emphasis should be even more on discovering past psychological painful feelings experienced during development period. Which I believe will help your customer experience these people afresh, addresses and work on them and in so carrying out resolve the problems by changing their faulty thinking and behaviours.

Sources

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and rationale (Information Sheet 1), Rugby: English Association for Counselling. three or more. Burns, G. D. (1993). Ten Days and nights to Self-pride. New York: Quill. 1999. Modified edition. 5. Corey, G, (2005) Theory and Practice of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 7th Model, Belmont: Brooks/Cole. 5. Corey. (2001). Case approach to coaching and psychiatric therapy (5th. impotence. ). Australia: Brooks/Cole. 6. Corsini R. J. & Wedding D, eds, (1995) Current Psychotherapies, 5th Edition, Itasca: N. E. Peacock. 7. Corsini, & Wedding. (1995). Current psychotherapies (5th ed. ). Itasca, Sick: F. E. Peacock Web publishers. 8. Douglas Woods, (2011) “What can be Counsellinghttp://www.dougwoods.com/counselling.html 9. Wikipedia contributors. “Sigmund Freud.  Wikipedia, the Free of charge Encyclopaedia. Wikipedia, The Cost-free Encyclopaedia. 10. Freud, S. 1933. Fresh introductory classes on Psychoanalysis. Standard Release of the Finish Psychological Works. New York: Watts. W. Norton. BF173. F645 1966 14. Freud, Sigmund (1962). Three Essays within the Theory of Sexuality, trans. James Strachey. New York: Simple Books 12. Richard Nelson Jones (2006). Theory and Practice of counselling and Therapy: Sage Publications 13. Hansen, T. C., Rossberg, R. H., Cramer, S i9000. H (1994) Counselling Theory and Method, 5th Edition, Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon. 16. Hough M, 2002; An affordable Approach to Guidance, 2nd Copy, Harlow: Pearson. 15. Rogers, C. L., & American Personnel and Guidance. (1980). Inner regarding counselling with Carl Rogers. New York: Information Media. 16. Rogers, C. R., & American Staff and Assistance. (1980). Internal world of coaching with Carl Rogers. New York: Insight Press. 17. Spurling, L. (2004) An Introduction to Psychodynamic Counselling London: Palgrave.

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