Application of remote sensing and gis to quantify

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This kind of paper examines the effect of river route migration upon agriculture production using distant sensing data, which has been tiny studied in Nepal. Assessment of famous changes in a river funnel centerline, combined with changes in worn away agricultural land, has revealed how funnel migration price has affected the production of agricultural property. In this analyze, migration patterns from 1990 to 2014 for top, central and downstream reaches of the Kandra River was analyzed, using channel planform, satellite pictures and hydro-meteorological data. Influence on agriculture was seen substantially due to route shifting. Almost all agricultural property was dropped in the Kandra river area were because of bank reducing. Channel migration and its affiliated hazard just like erosion features significant result in farming production. Though agricultural production of virtually any area is determined by various element such as water sources, soil male fertility, rainfall, yet production in meandering area river route was typically affected by the channel immigration process.

Keywords: Agriculture, Remote control sensing, Linear migration model, River funnel migration

Advantages

Meandering streams will be more dynamic, and the tendency to shift location across the area bottom enhance with sinuosity, bed weight, and incline. Meandering waterways, exhibiting accelerating change in channel location as they migrate around their floodplains over time (Thorne 1992), is not only complex although has a role in floodplain development and landscape evolution (Leopold et al. 1964, Thorne 2002) and also provides economic and social outcomes of financial institution erosion and channel immigration (Leopold and Wolman 1957, Randle 2004).

Long-winding River funnel offers a broad field of research in environmental domain name at both spatial and temporal level covering several concepts, methods and strategies.. Of many, an amazing f studies on were focused in modelling the RCM(Guneralp et al. 2012, Hasegawa 1989a, Hasegawa 1989b, Howard 1976, Ikeda ain al. 81, Larsen and Greco 2002, Nagata ain al. 2000) Morphodynamics qualities of bend over migration (Aldesoky 1992, Hickin and Nanson 1975, Hickin and Nanson 1984, Klaassen and Masselink 1992, Marston et al. 1995, O’Connor et ing. 2003, Sarkar et ‘s. 2012) whereas with development of Geographical Information Program and Remote sensing several study were focused on the application of GIS and RS to examine the funnel migration (Ercan and Younis 2008, Guneralp et al. 2012, Hudson and Kesel 2000, Sarkar et approach. 2012, Sharma 2003., Thorne 2002). While many of the analyze addresses the result riparian vegetation, forest region (MacDonald ainsi que al. 1991, Micheli and Kirchner 2002, Micheli and Kirchner 2002, Micheli ain al. 2004 ) in river migration. Agricultural area and creation has been affected largely by process of route shifting (Sarkar et ing. 2012). As many hectares of agricultural area nearby river are eroded away by simply river by simply cutting and extensive inundation due to frequent change in the river courses, bank chafing and chafing in the lake meanders (Poudel 2002) farming production nearby river have been largely influenced.. All these difficulty associated with lake enhances the phenomenon of riv channel Migration (Randle 2004) is resulting in the problem to agriculture sector (Howard 1976). Also, american Himalayan river system got numerous tributaries which beginnings from extremely fragile Siwalik hills which will had excessive sediment transfer rate along with exhibit meander nature in its southern lowland of Indo-Gangetic plains. Therefore this paper aims to evaluate the effect of channel migration on gardening production of floodplain area of Churiya originate Kandra lake.

Materials and methods

Study Area

The study was conducted in along extends to of the Kandra River, a significant tributary of the Mohana Riv, Kailai region of significantly western Nepal which stems from Churiya slopes. Total duration of river is definitely 62 kilometres up to Indo-Nepal border, which in turn flow throughout Ram Shikar, Jhala, Darakha, Pahalmanpur, Khailad and Bhajani VDC of Kailai schisme. Relief of study place ranges via 133m to 198m höhe. Tropical to sub-tropical weather condition with maximum temperatures of 40C in summer season and minimum of 6C in the wintertime prevails. Based on morphological features, the entire analyzed river reach was split up into three zones viz. higher Terai nearby the Bhawar sector, middle Terai and interior Terai. In each area, 2 kilometers reach section was selected for examine on the basis of Sinuosity of route.

Sampling

The study reaches were found in between Pahalmanpur Bridge (Mahendra Highway) and Indo-Nepal Edge. Altogether three reaches were selected in the middle them on such basis as geomorphological trademark Terai of Nepal. 1 reach was selected in middle terai region while two gets to were picked in reduce terai with 2km range. Beside 1st reach additional two extends to was located near villages ( Khailad and Bhajini) with agricultural land covering most of riv periphery. When first reach located close to Basanta Hallway (International neurological corridor among Nepal and India, in which it was covered with forest and farming land.

Spectrum of ankle River Immigration Rate

Analysis of river immigration rate employing remote realizing and GIS include preparation of basic map with the aid of Survey of India topographical maps and satellite graphic (Micheli ou al. 2004, Sarkar ain al. 2012).

Preparation of Normalized Big difference Water Index (NDWI)

Normalized Difference Water Index were ready for each 12 months with the help of Arc GIS twelve. 1 after which River Channel were by hand digitized

Preparing of Foundation Map

After preparing of NDWI image, Complete river channel from the Pahalmanpur Bridge for the confluence of river with Mohana Riv (62 km) were by hand digitized in Arc GIS 10. 1 . Then the channel thalweg centerline were delineated for each season. Centerline were digitized through small the middle of channel pub.

Calculation of Migration Rate

Rates of spectrum of ankle migration of three bends were tested yearly coming from 1990 to 2014. Centerline of two year were intersected to define the polygons that represents the areas of ton plain eroded over had been taken to calculate average migration rate. Normal migration rate for provided Eroded location polygon were calculated by the method manufactured by Michelli (2000), average immigration rate was calculated by dividing the polygon place by half of the perimeter and number of 12 months elapsed among centerline dates.

Migration Rate sama dengan (Polygon Area ( m

2))/(1 /2 Polygon Perimeter (m)× no . of year elapsed between(year) )

Assessing the Impact on Agricultural Productivity

To assess the impact of riv channel immigration on farming production, multiple regression analysis was performed with the damage in agricultural production of numerous crops because dependent variables and immigration rate, eroded land location and output of main crops while independent factors.

Calculation of Loss of Farming Land

Agricultural property of each year was delineated from satellite tv images. Then your spatial difference in agricultural terrain near Kandra River was assess through overlaying agricultural area of different years.

Main Crop productivity

District Agricultural workplace has record of gardening production of varied crop manufactured in district. For this study efficiency of significant crops developed such as Paddy, Wheat and Cereals were used.

Outcomes

Channel Immigration Rate

The channel migration charge of Kandra River was found to become 12. 60 +7. 88 m/year in Reach you i. e. near the Phalmanpur Bridge, although it was identified to be doze. 72 +4. 89 m/year in Reach 2 i actually. e. in Khailad village and in reach 3 i actually. e. Bhajini channel migration rate was found to become 12. 24+7. 35m/year. River was substantially migrating each year (P0. 05). Maximum route centerline immigration was found to be in year 1990/91 for Reach1 (40. 04 m/year), and for Reach 2 (21. ninety two m/year) and Reach several (21. 18 m/year). Season 2010/11 experienced highest level in Reach 2 and Reach three or more. Figure beneath shows the decline in trend of migration price in every segments from the Kandra Lake

Conversation

Horizontal migration level of any kind of channel is definitely the function of sediment qualities, flow variables (Duan and Julien 2005, Ikeda ainsi que al. 1981) and strategy form features (Parker 1983). River channel with natural material migrates slowly than non-cohesive materials (Hudson and Kesel 2000). From analysis of satellite television maps Kandra river was found migrating significantly annually with the normal rate of 12. 70 m/year (s. d. =7. 88) in upstream, 12. 72 m/year (s. deb. =4. 89) in before your done and 12. 24 m/year (s. d. =7. 35) in downstream segments. In river and streams exactly where bank level is less than underlying penetration of bank vegetation, resistance of the bank raises. From field observation, it was found that bank level was more than root transmission height in reach you and 2 which reveals the excessive cohesion in surface nevertheless lack anchoring the foot of financial institution. This leads to the toe cutting and therefore bank collapses. That is why, even though river portion in upstream and before your done consist of forested bank they faces migration rate a lot like downstream part which comprises the gardening land. The channel migration rate can be said higher in contest of Meander River with cohesive materials including gravel.

For example , horizontal migration level of Sacramento River with gravel bank was discovered to be 4. 9 & 2 . several m/year (Constantine et al. 2009). River channel shifting for any meander channel is definitely governed by simply flow unbekannte (Marston ou al. 1995) such as velocity near lender, bank total condition of riv and sediment characteristics just like sediment particles, particle denseness and characteristics. Due to huge channel width and sandy clayey traditional bank materials of river, which can be easily eroded by normal water, river channel is highly susceptible for chafing and hence for channel migration. Study by Michelli and Krigner, (2002) shows that the migration rate of lake is high on the agricultural land as compared to forested property. Migration with the river was observed relatively high in the agricultural land than in forested land in Kandra Water. Trees in forest region acts as anchor for the financial institution sediment while due to insufficient such anchoring vegetation gardening land was effected typically by the channel shifting method (Leopold ain al. 1964). This is major reason why Reach 2 got more agricultural land reduction than Reach 1 .

Agricultural land near the lake channel is vulnerable to the loss in production due to route migration. The effect on gardening can be noticed by either Land shed due to bank cutting or perhaps by deposition of crushed stone and silt over farming land as a result of inundation. There are several factor that determine the loss in farming production one of them is the loss of agricultural area. From stand 3 demonstrates that there is substantial loss agricultural due to erosion activities associated with the channel migration process. This is because as we maneuver from upstream to downstream the level of resistance of route also decrease with boost of shear stress of water because the agricultural land holding material which will decreases the potentiality of resisting the shear stress. Impact on culture was seen significantly as a result of channel changing. The majority of farming land had been lost inside the Kandra riv area had been due to financial institution cutting. Through the multiple regression analysis of channel migration rate, property lost as a result of erosion, efficiency and the rainfall we can declare, loss in agricultural development in the place near the meander river with active immigration is the function of route migration price.

Conclusion

With embrace human activity near river channel such as street contruction practice of agriculture river movements had been affected. But , also the water had great impact on those community close to river channel which quite simply observed because flooding, erosion and financial institution failure. Therefore, with progress GIS and RS we are able to analyze the effect of channel migration about agricultural property by quantifying the loss of production it carries with specific rate of migration.