A comparative study of the united states and

Nigeria

INTENTION OF STUDY

The proposed name of this research work is “A Comparative Analyze of The United States and Nigerias Cultural Diplomacy (2002-2007)” According to Dr . Emil Constantinescu, Previous President of Romania (1996-2000), “Cultural Diplomacy may finest be described as a span of actions, which can be based on and utilize the exchange of tips, values, practices and other areas of culture or perhaps identity, whether to strengthen associations, enhance sociocultural cooperation or promote nationwide interests, Cultural diplomacy could be practiced simply by either people sector, private sector or civil society” The Commence for Ethnic Diplomacy features stated the main aim of cultural diplomacy is marketing peace and stability through intercultural relationships. It is a refined alternative to the greater aggressive types of diplomacy.

Cultural Diplomacy has been noticeable in History which range from the period of Explorers, Merchants, Voyagers, Teachers, and Artists. These are all types of early “Cultural Diplomats”. As well the organization of Trade Routes, Slave Trade and Colonialism allowed Cultural Diplomacy through the exchange of ethnicities and the ownership of overseas languages and policies which in turn still condition the Foreign system in modern times. The syndication known as Amerika during the chilly war is a best example of Social Diplomacy. It was used by america of America from 1945 until 1991. “Amerika” was a U. T Information Agency magazine that was created in Russian. It evaded strict Soviet censorship upon printing and attempted to supply the Russian community with a great unfiltered perspective of the Western. It searched for to provide the USSR with an unaltered view states on the other side with the Iron Curtain. It also attempted to showcase the advantages of Capitalism but also in a non-political sense. One other example of Ethnical Diplomacy is usually NAFEST. NAFEST was launched by the Nigerian government in the 1970’s. It is organized each year by the National Council pertaining to Arts and Culture (NCAC) in cooperation with the Federal Ministry of Tourism, Traditions and Nationwide Orientation. The event is also referred to as Unity Tillst?llning and was developed as a postcolonial strategy to enhance national unanimity using a cultural festival.

NAFEST illustrates Nigerian national unity and cultural diversity in its assembly of different cultural groups, with all the aim of cultivating cultural gratitude and understanding. The festivity also provides a platform intended for national hispanics to highlight their expertise, and to display their culture through several forms of art. The festivity draws a big international target audience each year, portion as a tool of Ethnic Diplomacy Another example of ethnic diplomacy simply by Nigeria is Chinua Achebe’s “Things Show up Apart”, that can be referred to as “the most authentic narrative at any time written about life in Nigeria at the turn of the 20th century”. Chinua Achebe was obviously a Nigerian author, poet, professor, and vit. His first novel Issues Fall Apart (1958), often regarded his finest, is the most broadly read publication in contemporary African materials. He earned the Man Booker International Award in 2007.

Sankara Kamara coming from Sierra Leone stated that “When Chinua Achebe demonstrated the horrors of colonial time rule in ‘Things Break apart, ‘ the narrative very easily became the African account that impinged itself on our consciousness. The story epitomized the truth against imperialism”. The aim of this kind of project is to examine Ethnical Diplomatic means that would bring about a creation in Nigeria’s social, ethnical, economic sector and improve its nationwide image.

CHAPTER ONE PARTICULAR

INTRODUCTION

QUALIFICATIONS OF EXAMINE

Ethnic Diplomacy offers existed like a practice for years and years. While the term cultural diplomacy has just recently been proven, evidence of its practice is seen throughout history and has been with us for centuries. Explorers, travelers, traders, teachers, and artists could be all deemed living examples of “informal ambassadors” or early on “cultural diplomats”. Indeed, anyone who interacts with different civilizations facilitates a type of cultural exchange, which can take place in fields including art, sports, literature, music, science, organization economy and beyond. For example , the establishment of regular operate routes enables a repeated exchange of information and ethnic gifts and expressions between traders and government staff. Such strategic efforts of cultural and communication exchange can be identified as early examples of cultural diplomacy.

The majority of cultural advisors, cultural connect? s or directors in embassies or cultural institutes around the world are most likely not aware that they can be doing “cultural diplomacy”. They have a job information asking those to promote disciplines, artists plus the “cultural scene” of their home country, through exhibitions, concerts, lectures and other method of “cultural exchange”. Their failure or success is assessed in the response from authorities and multimedia and in the amount of visitors at the events. A few few, mainly European, diplomats may also include a word about “intercultural dialogue” in their work description. These tips is usually interpreted in the next way: You should be open for the dialogue or perhaps an exchange of encounters with the host country and various areas of the web host country on issues with regards to multiculturalism or perhaps integration of immigrants. European countries / EU-members obviously include much to go over and review and will benefit from such talks.

The Institute of Cultural Diplomacy states that the ultimate target of Ethnical Diplomacy can be peace and stability. This is certainly a very driven goal and is seen as a extension of an old diplomatic traditions. The function of a diplomat was often to prevent war and try to preserve peace. The challenges through this role continue to be the same. There will always be conflicts between nations, regions or groupings and they may be solved either peacefully or violently. Europeans (EU) have got succeeded seeing that 1945 to reside peace and cooperation and may, therefore , end up being called innovators in gentle politics. News the EUROPEAN was awarded the Nobel Prize in Peace. But it really was Mahatma Gandhi who have taught all of us how to acquire a very important political goal (India? s independence) through non”violence through his lectures and lots of doctrines that are recognized throughout the world.

Throughout the following methods listed below countries have been capable of sensitize the international system of their national objectives and create a feeling of “empathy” with individuals of different countries.

1 . Films, Boogie, Music, Art work, Sculpture, and so forth

installment payments on your Exhibitions which offer the potential to showcase many objects of culture

3. Educational programs just like universities and language courses abroad

4. Exchanges including clinical, artistic, educational etc .

5. The establishment of libraries overseas and translation of popular and nationwide works

6. Broadcasting of news and cultural programs

7. Gifts into a nation, which will demonstrates thoughtfulness and respect

almost 8. Religious diplomacy, including inter-religious dialogue

9. Promotion and explanation of tips and cultural policies.

Throughout background, there have been instances of countries implementing these tools to further their foreign coverage. In 2002, a B razil crime theatre titled “Cidade de Deus” was released. At first a new written by Paulo Lins in 1997, this kind of drama defined the growth of organized crime and the living conditions of the Província de Deus favela of Rio de Janeiro involving the end with the 1960s and the beginning of the 1980s. It taken to limelight the degree of poverty and rate of crime in Brazilian slums. It also analyzed how high rates of crime triggered the go up of a developing army of dispossessed, among the list of black and mixed-race citizens. The response to this kind of film at Brazil and abroad was outstanding, since it received nominations at the American Golden Globe and Academy Awards, and spawned remarkable debate in the media and among intellectual circles. Cidade de Deus is the excellent example of how literature, theatre, and well-known music have been used as vehicles to reproduce Brazilian social realities and struggling. After the release, projects such as the Youth Programme had been initiated by the U. S i9000. Embassy. This summer, U. S i9000. President Barack Obama frequented the Brazilian favela for more information on the youth-oriented cultural actions that occur in the Cidade de Deus.

Very long Walk to Freedom can be an autobiographical work written by South Africa President Nelson Mandela. It absolutely was first posted in 1994 by Tiny Brown Co. Nelson Mandela came from a low-income relatives, but he previously noble roots. He was delivered on 18 July 1918, 95 years later Africa’s greatest presidential candidate, philanthropist, and freedom fighter died about 5 December 2013. After spending 27 years in a penitentiary cell, Nelson Mandela deservedly became Southern region Africa’s first ever black-president by 1994 to 1999. Very long Walk to Freedom has its roots buried profound beneath the area. It will always represent the real victory up against the apartheid, tyranny, and colonialism. The history and tradition of African people are presented in a straightforward, translucent way in order that anyone (no matter contest, religion or nationality) can finally understand the truth with the slavery procedure that suffered for more than 100 years. Even though modern-day world induces a different type of slavery, Mandela showed us that individuals must guard justice. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is one of the relaxed Nigerian cultural diplomats, This wounderful woman has not only improved the interest level of the intercontinental system in matters regarding Nigeria through her Novels, TED reveals, Interviews and her very opinionated statements but has also increased the interest rate at which the international system patronize Nigerian Fashion designers and Nigerian products generally speaking through her project called her “Fashion Nationalism”. Inside the interview with Chidirim Ndeche for The Guardian, Your woman explains her need to display Nigerian fashion the way it truly is, not as a museum of “traditional African” clothes yet a vibrant and diverse sector.

Beyonc? Giselle Knowles-Carter is a casual American cultural diplomat, Her album Lemonade was widely accepted by simply African countries, Nigeria particularly because it showcased African Components, African hair styles, Body Disciplines on her ballet dancers that were created by Yoruba image artist Laolu Senbanjo. In 2017, Her iconic pregnancy announcement, her performance on the 2017 Grammy’s award, her yellow beautiful dressed then her actions in her song “Hold Up” were inspired by simply Oshun, the Yoruba empress of virility, beauty, and motherhood. By inculcating parts of the Nigerian culture in her performs, she has not only gained acknowledgement in the eye and hearts of many Nigerians but has also been able to impact the average Nigerian’s view on matters such as feminism, the european ways of shower and the crisis that African-Americans face in the usa.

DECLARATION OF DIFFICULTY

Although cultural diplomacy is an effective sort of influence your decision of people of the international system, they have not recently been fully strengthened, therefore bringing about the little or no recognition in the importance of encouraging formal and informal cultural diplomats and also the creation of platforms that may lead to the actualization of ethnical diplomacy. Likewise, there is also a gap between the costs at which the tools of cultural diplomacy have an effect on countries inside the different expansion categories. There seems to be a a higher level00 impact when ever developed countries like America apply tools of ethnic diplomacy when compared to when developing countries like Nigeria apply these tools which leads to a gap and an disproportion of gentle power.

The ability of Cultural Diplomacy to improve the national image, increase monetary development through diversifying our economy and lowering of dependency of essential oil has not been explored by the Nigerian government which usually creates a pool area of potential cultural diplomats turning into societal vices or perhaps joining the increasing level of jobless Nigerian Young ones. America have been able to impact the decisions and points of views of countries to simply accept or admiration their controversial policies through works of entertainment. A good example is Lee Daniels’ audio drama T. V series that commenced its series by making the homosexual in the story the victim, the musical theatre was logically released in 2015 in the same year that same-sex relationship became officially legalized in many parts of America. This Tv shows was able to not only penetrate countries whose guidelines criminalize such act but also afflicted the perspective of its target audience in all those countries. This kind of study examines the use of social diplomacy in america and Nigeria and how it affects their particular social, economical, cultural and political expansion. It also investigates the processes by which the gap between the usage of cultural diplomacy by equally countries can be bridged.

RESEARCH QUERIES

Listed here are the research questions that guideline this study:

1 . What makes ethnic diplomacy and so valuable that it can be increasingly becoming an important component of Overseas Policy?

2 . About what ways has Nigerian international policy appreciated cultural diplomacy as a fee in predicting its image?

several. How successful is Nigeria’s use of social diplomacy in foreign insurance plan pursuit?

4. What methods have United States utilized in ensuring the effectiveness of their Ethnical diplomacy?

5. How do Nigeria adopt and improve this method employed by America?

RESEARCH AIMS

The goal of this analyze is divided into the following:

1 . To compare the pattern of cultural diplomacy in Nigeria and the United States

installment payments on your To examine the amount of effectiveness of Nigeria and United States ‘Cultural Diplomacy

3. To assess the methods utilized by the United States of America in the actualization of its cultural diplomacy

RESEARCH SPECULATION

H0: The conditions of cultural diplomacy in Nigeria and The United States of America are the same.

H1: Situations of ethnic diplomacy in Nigeria and The United States of America won’t be the same.

RELEVANCE OF ANALYZE

Cultural diplomacy is definitely, in essence, the mobilization of what Paul Nye termed as “soft power”. By allowing a country to show people of other ethnicities to their culture, world, and people and by increasing personal connections among people of different countries, ethnic diplomacy allows a country for making its political ideals and policies more attractive in the eyes of overseas audiences. If a country’s lifestyle includes widespread values and interests one more share, that increases the probability of obtaining its desired outcomes due to relationship of attraction and duty it creates. Cultural diplomacy is basically a two-way communications method that involves initiatives to promote a nation’s picture and beliefs amongst additional foreign people as well as to make an effort to understand the culture, values, and images of different countries and their people. Social diplomacy can be described as means whereby governments can increase value and understanding of themselves among other countries in the world. Gifford Malone, past Deputy Assistant and Relate Director states Information Organization (USIA) and renowned writer regarding U. S. diplomacy and overseas policy, so aptly explained, “If we strive to achieve success in our attempts to create understanding for the society and then for our policies, we must initial understand the motives, culture, record, and psychology of the people who have whom all of us wish to connect and certainly their terminology The benefits of ethnic diplomacy programs are large in amount.

Ethnic diplomacy courses create message boards for connection between people of different countries, thus sitting the research for the forging of friendships and strong links between people of different nationalities. Cultural diplomacy helps create a “foundation of trust” with other peoples. Policymakers can build on this trust to create personal, economic, and military negotiating. The relevance of this work is that that points out processes by which social diplomacy can result in social, monetary and ethnical development simply by comparing America and Nigeria’s use of social diplomacy.

SCOPE OF STUDY

The area of study would be the US charge in Lagos and Nigerian Cultural Centers in Lagos. The range of analyze would include the entertainment industries of both countries. This choice was based on the fact that these establishments serve as devices of ethnical diplomacy.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

A number of problems would have some implications for the accuracy and reliability of the data, findings, and conclusions. One crucial limiting factor is definitely the financial constraint. Also, you will find the unwillingness with the respondent to cooperate in answering the forwarded queries. The inability to retrieve information was either due to lack of adequate data. non-etheless, data retrieved through interviews, supplementary data utilized effectively and analyzed with regards to achieving trustworthy results.

ORGANISATION OF STUDY

This examine encompasses five chapters and these chapters are structured in an orderly manner. Beginning with chapter 1, as an intro which gives understanding to the general overview of the research. It comprises of the background from the study, declaration of a trouble, research issue, an objective of the study, research propositions, the value of the examine, and opportunity of the research. Chapter two reveals the literature review and assumptive framework. That points out the various perspectives of other students on the issues thereby providing a broader issue and understanding of the research. Section three includes research methods, the historic background from the study, giving a more detailed and historical point of view to the understanding of cultural diplomacy in America and Nigeria. It also creates a better understanding of keywords and terms that would be repeated in this research. Chapter 4 presents the main research studies and evaluation as well as the discourse on findings Section five is the final stage of the study. This part contains an index of major research findings and recommendations for a possible way of improvement, and realization.