86150573

Environment

SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF LAND MAKE USE OF CHANGE: THE CASE OF CALAMBA CITY, LAGUNA A Research Pitch I. INTRO A. Relevance of the Examine Land as well as its uses are crucial to all human communities.

Everyone is designed in a range of techniques by the scenery in which that they live, and the products and resources produced around the land. Terrain and its uses are particularly very important to rural neighborhoods, where many people are directly dependent upon land for his or her livelihood, as well as the way area is used includes a central position in identifying the id of an area and its community.

Land while defined simply by FAO (1976) is “an area of globe’s surface, the characteristics which take hold of all moderately stable or predictably cyclic attributes of the biosphere top to bottom above and below this area, including those of the atmosphere, the soil, the actual geology, the hydrology, the rose and animal population plus the results of the past and present human activity, to the extent that these features influence within the present and future utilization of the land.

Land is an important element in the world that is involved in every liveliness. This identifies land use. Land work with defined in this manner establishes an immediate link among land cover and the actions of people inside their environment (Di Gregorio , Jansen, 1998). In restricted terms, this refers to those activities of man about, in, over and under the globe’s surface that tend to replace the natural state of the terrain (Serote, 2004). Land use change can be described as general term for a persons modification of Earth’s terrestrial surface.

Even though humans had been modifying property to obtain food and other necessities for thousands of years, current rates, extents and intensities of property use modify are far higher than ever of all time, driving unmatched changes in ecosystems and environmental processes at local, local and global scales. These types of changes include the greatest environmental concerns of human masse today, includingclimate change, biodiversityloss and the pollution of drinking water, soils and air (Williams et al., 2008).

Terrain use alter can either be by organic cause or man caused. Land make use of changes made in land indicate impact when playing human and environment. In socioeconomic conditions, land is definitely one of 3 major elements of development in time-honored economics (along with labor and capital) and an essential input pertaining to housing and food development. Thus, terrain use is the backbone of agricultural financial systems and it provides significant economic and social benefits. Land use conversion is important and necessary for economic development and sociable progress.

This kind of land work with conversion results to land use change. Ecologically speaking, land”use changes will be arguably one of the most pervasive socioeconomic force generating changes and degradation of ecosystems. Deforestation, urban advancement, agriculture, and also other human actions have greatly altered the Earth’s scenery. Such disturbance of the area affects important ecosystem techniques and solutions, which can possess wide”ranging and long”term effects.

There are already studies that have been conducted to determine the socioeconomic and environmental affects of land use within their own individual localities or area of interest. It is one of the major problems today. In accordance to Sala et ‘s., (2000) land-use changes are incredibly pervasive that, when aggregated globally, they significantly have an effect on key aspects of Earth System functioning. They will directly impact biotic diversity worldwide bring about local and regional climate change (Chase et ing., 1999) as well as to global climate warming (Houghton et approach. 1999), are the primary way to obtain soil destruction (Tolba ou al., 1992), and, simply by altering environment services, impact the ability of biological devices to support human being needs (as cited by simply Lambin ou al., 2001). Calamba, as being a fast growing city in Laguna had made several land employ changes in their locality. Terrain use adjustments here take place due to distinct conversion of agricultural based lands in industrial and commercial uses. Different all-natural phenomenon like flooding contributed also it all of the changes in area in Calamba. With this kind of development, there are plenty of impacts that took place.

In this study, it would primarily give attention to the affects of land-use change in 10 different barangays of Calamba City, Laguna. Identifying the impacts of land-use alter would ensure that the local government unit to make important actions to either boost positive or prevent adverse impacts in the said vicinity. Proper coverage actions can be developed, also. The effects of the examine will provide information to analysts, planners and decision manufacturers for better comprehensive terrain use organizing. B. Overview of Literature This section has materials related to the research study.

Distinct books, diary articles reports were looked into to contemplate and explore knowledge difference in the study of terrain use modify at the regional context Land-use and land-cover change activated by equally human actions and organic feedbacks possess converted large proportion from the planet’s area surface (Shi, 2008). Terrain Use and Land Work with Change Every parcel of land on the Earth’s area is unique inside the cover this possesses. Terrain use and land cover are distinct yet strongly linked attributes of the Globe’s surface. Area use is the way in which in which humans employ the land as well as its resources.

Instances of land use include culture, urban development, grazing, visiting, and mining. In contrast, terrain cover explains the physical state from the land surface area. Land cover categories incorporate cropland, woodlands, wetlands, pasture, roads, and urban areas. The term land cover originally labeled the kind and state of vegetation, such as forest or perhaps grass cover, but it offers broadened in subsequent utilization to include individual structures including buildings or perhaps pavement and other aspects of the natural environment, including soil type, biodiversity, and surface and groundwater (Meyer, 1995).

Property use impacts land cover and within land cover affect terrain use. A change in possibly, however , is usually not necessarily the product of the other. Within land cover by property use will not necessarily indicate a destruction of the land. However , various shifting property use patterns, driven by a variety of cultural causes, result in land cover changes that affect biodiversity, water and radiation financial constraints, trace gas emissions and also other processes that, cumulatively, influence global local climate and biosphere (Riebsame, Meyer, , Turner, 1994).

Property cover can be altered by simply forces apart from anthropogenic. Organic events such as weather, water damage, fire, weather fluctuations, and ecosystem mechanics may also initiate modifications after land cover. Globally, land cover today is modified principally by simply direct human use: simply by agriculture and livestock elevating, forest collection and administration, and urban and suburban construction and development. You can also get incidental influences on land cover from other human activities such as forests and wetlands damaged by simply acid rainwater from precious fuel combustion (Meyer, 1995).

Changes in land cover influenced by area use can be categorized in two types: modification and alteration. Modification can be described as change of condition in a cover type, for example , unmanaged forest altered to a forest managed by selective slicing. Significant changes of property cover can happen within these patterns of land cover change. Transformation is a change from one cover type to another, such as deforestation to create cropland or pasture.

Conversion land cover improvements such as deforestation have been major of many global change analysis agendas (Riebsame, Meyer and Turner, 1994). Serote in 2004 mentioned that change of arrive at the other hand can be classified into irreversible and invertible conversion. It really is reversible if the soil cover and landforms are not significantly changed and thus present a number of options pertaining to future recycle (for model croplands could be converted to pastures and reverted to croplands again as the need arises).

Irreversible change occurs when the unique character from the land is changed to this sort of a degree which the reversal to its ex – use or perhaps condition turns into very difficult if not not possible. Example of this really is open pit mining and quarrying. Loosing rainforests over the tropical areas of the world due to deforestation to get timber resources and change to farming lands has changed into a topic of global attention with the aid of widespread media coverage. Research specialists including Skole and Tucker (1993), Skole et al. (1994), and Kummer and Turner (1994) carry out extensive studies in an attempt to take further attention to this situation by focusing on the social ramifications and the environmental degradation linked to tropical deforestation in the Amazon online marketplace of South America and in Southeast Asia. But, with all the exploration, awareness, and attention on the planet, this probably devastating happening continues. Modeling land work with change In a research study created by Lim, Pijanowski and Engel in june 2006, they utilized a terrain use style called Land Transformation Unit (LTM).

The LTM unit is designed to outlook land make use of change over large regions. It relies upon GIS, manufactured neural network routines (ANNs), remote realizing and personalized geospatial equipment. The driving a car variables incorporate a variety of cultural, political and environmental elements, such as length to travel, proximity to amenities (such as streams, lakes, and recreational site), density of surrounding farming, exclusive zones, and populace growth. Details derived from a great historical evaluation of terrain use transform is used to conduct prediction studies.

The model is a desk best computer software, and that mainly follows four continuous steps: (1) processing/coding of information to create space layers of predictor factors, (2) applying spatial guidelines that associate predictor parameters to terrain use changes for each site in an location, the resulting layers have input variables values in grid formatting, (3) adding all suggestions grids making use of the three techniques, including multi-criteria evaluation, ANNs, and logistic regression, and (4) temporally scaling how much transitions in the study place in order to build a time group of possible future land uses.

Detailed descriptions of the LTM can be found in other places (Pijanowski ou al., 2000) The LTM model continues to be applied and validated in many different locations around the world to help know what factors happen to be most important to land make use of changes and to simulate area use enhancements made on the past, present and long term (Pijanowski ou al., 2000). It also offers the ability to link changes in land use to environmental process designs, such as groundwater flow and solute transportation (Boutt et al., 2001) and forest cover modify (Brown ainsi que al., 2000). Urbanization and Land Work with Change

By least two broad urbanization pathways lead to different affects on rural landscapes. In the developed world, large-scale urban agglomerations and extended peri-urban settlements fragment the landscapes of such large areas that various ecosystem operations are insecure. Ecosystem partage, however , in peri-urban areas may be counter by urban-led demands intended for conservation and recreational property uses (Sack, 1992). Estate affects property change elsewhere through the change of urban-rural linkages. Urbanization in the less-developed world outbids all other purposes of land next to the city, which includes prime croplands.

Cities appeal to a significant portion of the rural population using permanent and circulatory immigration, and the wages earned inside the city are usually remitted simply by migrants to rural homelands, in some cases modifying the use of croplands and creating “remittance landscapes”. Perhaps above all, this urbanization changes methods of life in the end E. F. Lambin ain al., (2001) associated with market transitions, elevating expectations regarding consumption, and potentially a weakened comprehension of production”consumption interactions noted for the well-developed world.

Rapid land-use alterations often coincide with the incorporation of a location into a great expanding community economy (Lambin, et al., 2001). Remote Sensing Inside the broadest perception, remote realizing is the way of measuring or acquisition of information of an object or perhaps phenomenon, with a recording gadget that is not in physical or perhaps intimate exposure to the object. It is the utilization at a distance (as from aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, or ship) of any device for gathering information about the environment. The technique can make use of devices for instance a camera, laserlight, radar, sonar, seismograph or possibly a gravimeter.

Modern day remote realizing normally involves digital techniques but is possible as well with non-digital methods. While most astronomy could be considered remote sensing (in fact, really remote sensing) the term “remote sensing” is commonly only placed on terrestrial findings. Examples of remote sensing are very numerous. For example: a. Topographic maps were often made out of stereographic pairs of airborne photographs. Educated personnel could then track the shape in the land in maps. w.

Earthquakes are situated (after the fact) simply by comparing seismograms taken at different locations, the comparable intensity and precise timing yield information about the location and nature. c. Digital height maps can be produced by interferometric synthetic béance radar, a process in which an aircraft, spacecraft or satellite passes above the target area while giving out a series of radar pulses. Merging the data coming from these signal yields an in depth map that contains information about floor cover and possibly elevation or perhaps movement on the scale of centimeters.

The information usually covers a various kilometers extensive (Gupta , Parakash 1998). Profile with the City Calamba City is actually a first class town in the province of Descuido, Philippines. Located only fifty four kilometers south of Manila, about an hour by simply chartered coach, Calamba Town is a popular traveler destination using its hot springtime resorts. Additionally, it an important modern day industrial centre in CALABARZON region since shown by the larger number of industrial parks and business estates which might be located in the city. According to 2006 census, it has a population of fish hunter 360, 281 habitants. CLUP, 2010-2015) It is reported that this city is among the speediest growing downtown centers in the Region. Calamba metropolis is famous for the historical homage as the hometown of the national main character. According to the NAMRIA in 1999, home sector uses up 48% of the total area area, when 44% is usually allotted pertaining to Industrial work with. The business sector only consumes 3% of the total land location ” the other five per cent consist of additional land uses. C. Aims of the Study The general target of this analyze is to identify the socio-economic and environmental impacts of land-use alteration at the neighborhood level.

Especially, this examine endeavors, 1) To create the current terrain use condition of Calamba City employing GIS (to see the famous land work with situation in the said locality), 2) To identify both the confident and negative impacts of land-use transformation in half a dozen barangays of Calamba Metropolis, 3) To recognize causes of land-use conversions and land use change, 4) To assess the existing policy and mitigation ways of the effects of land use conversion, and 5) To propose recommendations on complete land employ planning of Calamba Metropolis.

D. Particular date and Place of Study The survey and also other data gathering method (Key informant interviews and target group discussion) will be done from Summer, 2012 to August, 2012 in selected barangays in Calamba Town. Analysis and interpretation of information will be carried out from Sept, 2012 to November 2012. The investigator aims to complete the study simply by January, 2013. II. ELEMENTS AND METHOD A. Elements Secondary Roadmaps of 1: 60, 000 scale (Topographic, Property Use/Land Cover, Political boundary) ¢ Extensive Land Make use of Plan (CLUP) of Calamba City ¢ Satellite Imagery (30 metres resolution Terralook ASTER image) ¢ Geographic Information System (GIS) Computer software (ArcInfo Desktop) ¢ Gps System (GPS) receiver ¢ Semi-structured forms B. Method Secondary data collection Secondary data will be gathered mostly from the Associated with Calamba, Olvido to function as baseline data for the analysis area.

These kinds of shall include the CLUP survey of Calamba City, secondary baseline maps in digital and printing format (Topographic, Land Use/Land Cover, Politics boundary). Various other pertinent details (demographic, economic) shall be likewise collected and consolidated from other government agencies (National Statistics Coordination Board, Section of In house and Local Federal government etc . ). Primary info collection The freely down-loadable 30 meters resolution satellite tv imagery will be requested from United Condition Geological World (USGS) site (http://glovis. usgs. gov). This shall be utilized in the technology of p-to-date land employ map of the study location. ArcInfo Computer’s desktop GIS computer software shall be utilized for the era of the baseline maps, spatial analyses and land employ classification. Every GIS maps shall have got Universal Slanted Mercator (UTM) North Zone 51 formatting projection and WGS1984 datensatz (fachsprachlich). Unsupervised picture classification. An unsupervised photo classification will be done for aster satellite imagery. This kind of image category will function as the basis for the monitored classification. These types of classifications will probably be validated thru ground truthing and high resolution satellite symbolism of google earth.

Supervised classification. The courses units or signatures in the different land uses will probably be prepared in ArcInfo Computer’s desktop by embroidery at least 100 polygons for each land uses. Supervised image category will continue using maximum likelihood means for the final landuse maps. Household survey, Essential Informant Interview and Emphasis Group Conversations (FGD). Important Informant Interview (KII) will probably be conducted to selected LGU officials of the City of Calamba with emphasis on the issues and concerns related to land use, as well as the identified socio-economic impacts of property use in their very own locality.

Likewise, a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) will be completed gather relevant information base on the consensus of at random selected barangay officials and residents with the City of Calamba. A random household review will also be conducted using semi-structured questionnaire to collect basic home demographic info, as well as expertise and belief on the socio-economic impacts of land use change. 3. BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS |Particulars |Estimated Cost |Remarks | |I.

Data Gathering | || |A. Travel |Php 9, 1000. 00 |Includes ground truthing and validation | |B. Supplies and Materials |4, 000. 00 || |C. Mixture | || |1.

Contractual companies (field guidebook, enumerators) |12, 000. 00 |Hiring of field courses and enumerator | |2. Photocopying |1, 000. 00 || |II. Writing of Thesis | || |A. Computerization/Typing |4, 000. 00 || |III.

Reproduction/Printing |6, 1000. 00 || |TOTAL |Php36, 1000. 00 || REFERENCES Food and Agiculture Corporation. 1976. Terrain quality indications: aspects of area use, property, soil and plant nutrition. Rome, Italy (Retrieved via http://www. fao. org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e0b. htm) Gupta, 3rd there’s r. P., , Prakash, A. 998, Reflection aureoles associated with thermal particularité due to subsurface mine fires in the Jharia Coalfield, India. International Record of Remote control Sensing, pp. 2619-2622. Lambin, E. N., Turner 2, B. M., Geist, L. J., Agbola, S. M., Angelsen, A., Bruce, M. W., et al., 2001. The causes of land-use and land-cover change: going beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change 11 (4), 261″269. Meyer, W. N. 1995. Earlier and Present Land-use and Land-cover inside the U. S i9000. A. (Retrieved from http://www. gsdi. rg/gsdiconf/gsdi10/papers/TS48. 1paper. pdf) Serote, Elizabeth. M. 2004. Property, patrimony, and area: Foundations of Land Use planning inside the Philippines. School of City and Local Planning, DIliman Quezon City. Shi, W. Z. 08. Spatial Info Transformation in Urban Geographic Information Systems, Technologies and Applications in Urban Geographical Information Systems. Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing Property, 1996, pp. 59-69. Skole, D. T. , Tucker, C. J. 1993.: Exotic deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon. Retrieved coming from http://www. ciesin. org/docs/002-115/002-115. html) Turner, M. L. , Meyer, Watts. B. 1991. Land make use of and property cover in global environmental change: Concerns for study. International Sociable Sciences Journal 130, 669″667 Williams, Meters. Richardson, D., Reichstein, M., Stoy, S. C., Peylin, P., ou al., 08. Improving land surface designs with Fluxnet data. Posted in Biogeosciences. (Retrieved coming from http://www. geos. ed. alternating current. uk/homes/pstoy/WilliamsBG09. pdf) , , , , , , , , C. In depth Schedule of Activities