68884500

Africa, Southern region

Assignment GEO 234 M Sonnekus 2011042526 Flooding In South-Africa A Deeper Insight to What Occurs Around All of us [pic] Picture: Ivan Sonnekus 2012 Index Page Number 1. Introduction3 2 . The Nature Of Flooding3 3.

The Main Causes Of Surging In South-Africa4 4. The Effect Of Creation On Flood Hazards in SA5 five. The Effect From the Economic Status Of People , Regarding Avalanche Hazards6 six. Conclusion7 7. Bibliography8 1 ) Introduction

Massive amounts play a major role within our everyday lives, and how we react to the daily changing climate is of course the way of enduring our planetary conditions. Floods determine our building variations and enjoy a very significant role throughout the economy by means of damaging destruction and environmental engineer specialists with regards to flood elimination. The hydrological definition for a flood states that a ton is a rise in water level within a stream into a peak level where following the water level can recede at a slow rate (UNESCO-WMO 1974). Control Key and Word , Text and Graphics.

A flood celebration can be described as a flow of water in a stream constituting a distinct progressive rise, culminating into a crest, together with the economic downturn that follows the crest (Linsley, 1942). Through this Assignment I am explaining some key features about water damage regarding a South-African viewpoint. 2 . The size of Flooding. Surges can be split up into several classes or perhaps divisions among different types of floods in this section I will describe the main ton types and their nature.

Massive amounts can be divided between main floods, minimal floods and flash massive amounts. Major Surges: In the event of a major flood the flooding can be caused by the overflowing of rivers and dams by means of breaks in dikes, levees, dam surfaces and other protecting structures, simply by uncontrollable emits of impounded water in reservoirs through the accumulation of excessive runoff. When it comes to a major overflow the floodwaters will cover a wide spread continuous area and may spread speedily to adjacent areas of fairly lower elevations.

The flooding will be profound in most areas of the total overloaded area and there is a highly noticeable current since the overflow spreads to a greater magnitude. [pic] Minimal Floods: Inside the cause of a small flood the inundation might or might not be due to overbanking. If there is zero bank overflow, flooding happens due to the accumulation of excessive surface run-off in decrease lying flat areas. In these instances flooding will mostly be restricted to flood flatlands along a river channel or low-lying areas or terrain depressions around the direct source of the flood.

The flood drinking water will be superficial and right now there may not be a perceptible movement apparent or present. Adobe flash Floods: Flash floods is really as the name states a flood that happens relatively quick, normally at most 6 hours to a regular flooding time of 12 to 24 hours or longer. Flash floods is the result of a short concentration moments of the draining catchment or a steep lake slope, therefore the precipitation falling on the point in the catchment furthest from the lake takes a very short time to succeed in the river itself and turn a part of the stream flow.

Thus how much flow can rapidly increase and the water level will surge, when the capasity of the river/stream is exceeded the channel overflows as well as the result is known as a flash ton. [pic] a few. The Main Factors behind Flooding in SA. S. africa was controlled by some intense floods over the last couple of years primarily as the consequence of cloud breaks and very weighty precipitation in very short time periods which leads to surging of most little streams and rivers, what then leads to the larger waterways to avalanche.

South Africa is usually a victim of the The southern area of Oscillation which leads to El-Nino: dry conditions with high surface pressure and, La-Nina: low atmosphere surface pressure accompanied by cold and moist weather. Discover next page for basic diagram illustration [pic] As a result of the Earth surface area temperature to hold on growing due to the greenhouse effect the results as being a more and more drastically changing macro climate which in turn leads to even more rain and ultimately will lead Earth in another Ice-Age but which is a topic another day.

The heavy down pours on a continuous basis will keep the estuaries and rivers and dams full about their restrictions so in the case of a heavy impair break the already full rivers and dams simply cannot enclose each of the extra water and all that water has to go somewhere thus resulting in floods, in most cases in South-Africa the floods will be flash floods. But there is also the possibility of significant floods in the form of a dam overflowing after which breaking the wall or even minimal floods like in the December of 2012 the Ncandu River going through Newcastle KZN overreaches its banks and floods the Lean park with water for least 1-2 feet deep as the trim area is adjacent to the rivers.. The Effect of Development on Flood Problems in SOCIAL FEAR Right around the world the population grows at an alarming rate since the labor and birth to mortality rate can be not well-balanced which leads into a world population always wanting and having to expand town and/or town borders. In cases like this the chances are very good that ultimately there will be building developments inside flood plains or reduced laying surfaces in the proximity of a dam or huge volume of normal water.

Thus the engineers with the modern universe in developing countries like for instance South-Africa ought to come up with new initiatives to enhance building processes to overcome the obstacle of flooding as the floods can be the source of havoc among the list of inhabitants of developments within flood plains or beneath the flood level, and also produce a lot of strength and esthetic damage to a town or community. The MooiRivier Mall in Potchefstroom is a classic sort of development within a flood danger. The nearby mall has been built on stilt type of tructures that allows the river to flow through underneath the nearby mall but the technicians along with environmental professionals sought to generate a few innovative plans to organize for floods of High risk (1 in 20 years), medium overflow hazards (1in 50 years) and low flood hazard (1 in 100 years) by means of designing a drop away wall membrane where if a certain amount of water runs into a catchment a buoy lifts up and triggers a release on the wall structure which allows for the stone wall to fall down and permit water to flow in an drainage water method down to the central collection point in the bottom most point of the building back into a stream (the release mechanism works on similar principal being a toilet bowls’ float valve). The parking lot has also been designed on a slope (no toned parking) to act as a channel leading normal water away from the mall or threat zone and down into a sub stream or funnel. The Shopping mall had a couple of good tests in the last your five years of its existence plus the engineers and environmental specialists did a great job to overcome the developing in a flood hazard obstacle (Jan-Albert Wessels. IAIA North-West, 2012. ) [pic] Picture: (Viljoen, MF. The usage of flood lines in area use controll. 2009) five. The Effect in the Economic Position of People Relating to Flood Dangers.

Flooding can easily and have induced a lot of damage in the past and can continue to accomplish that as the macro weather will keep changing in favor of surges so every we can to accomplish is to make ourselves and adapt to the changes of weather, floods price the head of states and countries significant amounts of money to build up in flood plains as well as being prepared to deal with any massive amounts and the cleaning up there after. But it is not just the people on top that lose money, the people who also actually are in the house that gets hidden away or drive the automobile that progresses over or perhaps submerges, it really is them that lead one of the most damage to their particular financial stance in life and 80% of times it will be people from relaxed settlements or rural areas that business lead the damage as they do not follow proper process to build their particular houses and then they build in areas of a top flood risk without them even knowing.

Therefore the counties management for some reason needs to have it under control because they have tried to do the before and actually nonetheless trying to perform with regard to the housing part they offer to people of South-Africa. 6. Summary My realization regarding massive amounts in South-Africa is that our main surges are flash floods that happen because result of large rains from the La-Nina period of time of the The southern area of Oscillation, we all as the individuals of our nation need to stand together to make a difference in preventing people to build in dangerous large flood risk areas and also need to influence the children these days in developing countries to create fresh and new suggestions to overcome advancement issues in flood risk areas. A countries financial development as well greatly depends on its openness for struggling disaster circumstances and keeping a disaster in order.

A country like South-Africa can suffer wonderful losses fiscally as response to floods that may have been prevented by means of utilizing the right system on the essential areas in developed areas as well as growing areas. Water damage is a natural occurrence and will never become fully in order but the thoughts of today can shape the ideas of tomorrow with this I leave my tag on the topic of surging in South-Africa. [pic] six. Bibliography ¢ Anonymous. 2012. Causes and types of floods. [Web: http://kidlat. pagasa. dost. gov. ph/genmet/floods/cause_types. html]. [Accessed: 13 March 2013] ¢ Department: comarcal and local Federal government. 2009. Countrywide Disaster administration centre. Avalanche awareness. PDF FILE 5p. [Accessed: 12-15 March 2013] ¢ Anonymous. 2011.

La Nina Influenced Water damage in South Africa. AccuWeather. [web: http://www. accuweather. com/en/weather-news/la-nina-influenced-flooding-in/44853]. [Accessed: 13 March 2013] ¢ SAPA. 2013. Floods Cause chaos across South Africa. Mail, Mom or dad, Africa’s finest read. [web: http://mg. co. za/article/2013-01-20-floods-cause-havoc-across-south-africa]. [Accessed: 15 Drive 2013] ¢ Confidential. 2013. Explanation and mother nature of avalanche. [web: http://kidlat. pagasa. dost. gov. ph/genmet/floods/def_nature. html]. [Accessed: 15 Drive 2013] ¢ SSC. 2011. The nature of flooding. Sunlight coast council, Queensland. [web: http://www. sunshinecoast. qld. gov. au/sitePage. cfm? code=flooding-nature]. Accessed: 13 March 2013] ¢ Department: Regional and Local Authorities, Prof Viljoen. MF, Swiegers. C. 2009. The application of overflow lines in land employ control. Catastrophe reduction conference. [web: http://conferences. ufs. ac. za/dl/userfiles/Documents/00000/134_eng. pdf]. [Accessed: 13 March 2013] ¢ Times Live. (2011, March 2). [web: Vital flood alert along Orange River. ] [Accessed February 14, 2011]. ¢ United Nations Integrated Regional Information Networks. (2011, March 10). The southern area of Africa: Likelihood of food low self-esteem in wake up of massive amounts. IRIN Information. [Accessed February 18, 2011. ] ¢ Anonymous. 2011. Floods in South Africa. Earth Observatory, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA). [web: