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The result was that after controlling for stable working conditions, the soundness of work satisfaction reduces to nonsigni? cance, indicating that an underlying dispositional in? uence on work satisfaction is definitely not immediate, but mediated by doing work conditions. This kind of also shows that the level of task satisfaction could be changed by organizational steps. © 2011 CEIS, Ente Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Limited Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards several A general and well-known model of job satisfaction was developed by Herzberg (see Herzberg ainsi que al. 1959). He identified that several job factors could simply cause unhappiness or short-lasting motivation while other factors may invoke durable positive thoughts towards the task. If work factors are actually dual for their impact on job satisfaction, the method intended for examining job satisfaction should certainly account for this kind of. If only screening for confident or unfavorable associations between your covariates and job pleasure, information on the factors becoming only able of creating either high job satisfaction or low job fulfillment would probably be dropped.

As for the consequences of compensatory advantages, this may be vital and consequently individual analyses happen to be undertaken here for the outcome being highly satis? ed while using job and the outcome being dissatis? ed with the task. Many of the earlier studies about job fulfillment have made a great analytical differentiation between the two genders since there regularly has been reported higher work satisfaction for women, see, for example , Sloane and Williams (2000) and Clark (1997). Where Sloane and Williams? nd that the variations stem coming from men and women having different types of job, Clark? ds that nor different jobs, their different operate values, nor sample variety accounts for the gender fulfillment differential. Rather he suggests an explanation based on well-being relative to expectations. A guy and a woman with the same jobs and levels of targets would survey identical levels of job fulfillment. But as ladies expectations will be lower than in a number of due to he was more attached with work in the home, they will statement higher task satisfaction than their guy counterparts actually given the same working circumstances. This speculation is supported by the? teil that the gender satisfaction gear disappears to get the fresh, the higher knowledgeable, professionals and those in male-dominated work locations. This can be related to the length of time girls have had a well established position on the labour industry, an issue that has been further used in a daily news by Kaiser (2005). In this article Denmark, Finland, and the Netherlands are the just European countries that do not demonstrate signi? can’t gender–job fulfillment differences. They will argue that the gender–job satisfaction paradox dies out out in the process of ‘modernizations’ in the labour market.

This modernization is caused if the well being state such as Scandinavia and, to a certain extent, the Netherlands supports equivalent opportunities for girls and males by means of, for instance , kindergartens and homes intended for the elderly people. A more new topic within this line of monetary literature is based on the theory the public sector is likely to entice individuals with excessive intrinsic motivation to value the receivers of community service or those who prosper on the sociable recognition they might receive to get contributing to an important mission (Benabou and Tirole, 2006).

And although the picture is not fully decisive, studies possess in fact proven that widely employed employees are less encouraged by substantial pay make a higher value on the innate rewards than employees within the private sector. They are able to work for a lower overall pay out level than is the case for private-sector staff because that they derive pleasure from playing the production of a good of high social benefit, see, for instance , Karl and Sutton (1998) and Houston (2000). Ren (2010) points to that worth congruence or perhaps organization and employees can easily strengthen the intrinsic motivation. He likewise investigates whether value congruence can effect the design of the organization and? nds that benefit congruence relates to employee involvement in making decisions and autonomy as opposed to control. Apart from the above talked about differences in the incentive structures inside the public as well as the private sector, there is also a big difference in the gender distribution inside the two areas as ladies tend to be over-represented inside the public in addition to the non-pro? capital t sector. Narcy et ‘s. 2008) investigates possible answers for this and? nds the ‘feminization’ of the public sector can be the result of the fact that women obtain a bigger wage gain from selecting this sector than guys do, checking out, among elements, the interpersonal objectives receive claims from the © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Posting Ltd 5 Lea Promote — Bryan Cleal community sector. Likewise? exible doing work hours have got seemed to catch the attention of women. The actual result in regard to wages was identified for Ancient greek data in Demoussis and Giannakopoulos (2007). In Denmark 63. per cent of the employees in the open public sector will be women while this? gure for the private sector is only thirty five. 1 % (OECD, 1997). According to the previous discussion, a meaningful synthetic distinction once studying task satisfaction is between the non-public and the public sector. Newer studies that have utilized this distinction with great results are, for instance , Demoussis and Giannakopoulos (2007) and Ghinetti (2007). They use Greek and Italian data, respectively, and the measures take so-called ‘domain satisfactions’ representing different areas of the job, instead of a universal assess.

Ghinetti investigates differences in satisfaction between the exclusive and the public sector in regard to half a dozen non-pecuniary work attributes. He? nds that public and private employees happen to be equally satis? ed upon three with the items, the fact that publicly used are more satis? ed upon two items, and a single item with mixed effects. Using a division on sector, gender variations can be examined by means of connections effects. In the present paper, we use a split on sector in combination with testing of sexuality interaction effects. An typically discussed matter in relation to task satisfaction is definitely wage.

The typical assumption is that higher salary increases job satisfaction, definitely not because it in fact makes you more content in the work, but because a higher income increases overall utility by increasing total expenditure possibilities. Many studies apply a general task satisfaction evaluate, which makes it dif? cult to tell apart the two results. Furthermore, not merely absolute, although also comparative wage is considered positively related to the standard of job pleasure. This is when making use of the wages of other staff having the same characteristics and type of responsibility of comparison, find, for example , Clark simon (1996).

In the present paper, salary is used together type of prize along with recognition and future opportunities at the work. In order not to confuse the relationships between three types of returns, we use the absolute salary in the present examines as opposed to family member wages. The work satisfaction measure applied can be described as general way of measuring job fulfillment. Other determinants of job satisfaction often applied in analyses performed within work economic theory and thus likewise used in each of our analyses consist of education, job tenure, bureaucratic position, the unemployment price, and marriage status and number of kids.

Tenure and having a leading position possess nearly always been found to become positively related to job satisfaction (Clark, 1997). The human relationships between task satisfaction, level of education, the joblessness rate, and wages are intertwined and convoluted. Education raises salary and thus work satisfaction. Nevertheless education also raises targets with respect to task content and thus the likelihood of suffering from job dissatisfaction. In addition , there may be more chance for mobility among jobs in the low-wage job market due to fewer matching requirements for taking a career, increasing the possibilities of job satisfaction.

Finally, a lower unemployment price can raise job fulfillment through superior mobility (see Akerlof ou al., 1988). Where feasible we utilize the unemployment charge within speci? c careers (60 % in the current sample), otherwise the typical unemployment rate is used. Several hours of work have already been considered as a measure of the disutility of whereas power is increasing with increased leisure time. In Denmark, as well as in various other countries, doing work hours have to a great magnitude become a non-divisible good resulting from regulation.

Moreover, long working hours can be evident the two for staff having a very challenging job and for personnel just having too much operate, as displayed by Kristensen et ing. (2004). As a result we decided not to use the overall number of doing work hours within our analyses and included? exibility of operating hours rather. Although work place has been used extensively in earlier task satisfaction research, the present document restricts their focus to factors high is evidence of negative wellness outcomes. © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Submitting Ltd

Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Advantages 5 A widely used theory within psychological work environment research is the demand– control version, elaborated by simply Karasek (see Karasek and Theorell, 1990). Job needs encompass quantitative job demands, time pressure, and con? icting task demands although decision lat. in contrast can be described as measure of control and consists of level of job discretion and the degree of in? uence. Personnel exposed to large demands and low control have an improved risk for numerous diseases, remarkably cardiovascular diseases.

High job demands in association with low control are also associated with conditions such as musculoskeletal disorders, psychiatric illness, gastrointestinal illness, cancer, suicide, sleeping problems, and diabetes (see Kristensen, 1996). Later studies (e. g. Johnson and Hall, 1988) have shown which a high level of social support can counteract the negative effects an excellent source of job pressure. A more latest theory is a effort–reward imbalance model simply by Siegrist (1996). High effort in combination with low rewards has been shown to have an impact on stress, abrupt cardiac fatality, and hypertension.

In this model job needs are a composite measure of time pressure and also other quantitative demands, similar to the demands of the demand–control model. Incentive can be by means of wages, recognition, and possibilities for personal advancement or job opportunities. Within our analyses all of us integrate all reward steps in testing if personnel report similar level of job satisfaction when ever exposed to a hazardous work environment in which settlements are maximized, as compared which has a non-hazardous work place in which you will discover no compensatory rewards.

Job security and predictability will be related to the conception of status control. Not having if you are a00 of information upon decisions that concern the effort place can be an invisible stress factor that has been identified to forecast heart disease (see Iversen ain al., 1989). In the intensive Whitehall 2 study system in Britain in order to research the causes of the social lean in morbidity and mortality, the impact of privatization over a former civil-servant department once job outcomes were not proven was assessed (see Stansfeld et ing., 1997).

In the gap between your announcement from the privatization plus the termination period where the personnel had obtained more assurance about their long term job status, there was an increase in the psychiatric morbidity in contrast to the morbidity in the period before the announcement of the privatization. Other psychosocial health elements included in the analyses in this newspaper are being exposed to aggression in the work place and role que incluye? icts. Contact with con? icts, teasing, or threats of violence can easily provoke stress, anxiety, and, in the long run, exhaustion in the patients (see Hoegh, 2005).

Function con? ict is a measure of con? icting demands and unclear duties and is regarded a supply of chronic tension, also proven to have an impact upon job pleasure (Fisher and Gitelson, 1983). Physical work demands will be included using a measure of the frequency of odd working positions, including having the back heavily bent forwards with no support for hands or hands, twisted or perhaps bent body, hands lifted to make height or more, the neck of the guitar heavily twisted forward or perhaps squatting or kneeling (see Lund and Tsonka, 2003). Noise can be measured over a dichotomous size re? cting if employees are exposed to noise so high that one must increase his or her tone of voice more than 75 per cent of times in order to speak with others. For a review of the effects of noise on mental wellness, see Stansfeld et al. (2000). 3. Method 3. 1 Decoration of parameters In this conventional paper the wording of the issue on work satisfaction is definitely: ‘Are you satis? education with your task? ‘. The answers fall in four verbally labelled and ordered types. Possible email address details are: © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Limited 6 Lea Sell — Bryan Cleal Yes, indeed’, ‘To several extent’, ‘Not so much’, and ‘No or incredibly seldom’. To get analytical reasons, answers inside the category ‘Yes, indeed’ para? ne the results high work satisfaction while answers in categories ‘Not so much’ and ‘No or incredibly seldom’ sobre? ne staying dissatis? education with the job. In general the variables happen to be entered inside the model in their original contact form. However the variable representing high demands in combination with low control, as well as the range for social support, is composed of several measures. Social support consists of a sensible and a psychological sizing, both of that are assessed in the questionnaires.

The scales vary slightly from 1995 to 2000 and that we have for that reason dichotomized in a manner that makes them equal. Hence all of us only check out situations where the employee possibly always will get help, support, and support or not. There are independent questions for social support via colleagues and from leaders or superiors. Not always acquiring support by either co-workers or managers is given the lowest level, always obtaining support by either acquaintances or managers are the two intermediate levels, and always obtaining support coming from both groups is the maximum level.

In order to measure needs and amount of control, a variable that re? ects the demands in several occupations have been constructed. Needs are de? ned as being high if work needs attention and full attentiveness almost all of the period, if the speed of work can be perceived to be very fast, or when con? icting or perhaps unclear work demands are experienced. Low control is definitely de? ned as a combination of limited in? uence about planning one’s own operate and low job variant. 3. a couple of Data as well as the population Data on work environment and overall health in the operating population were obtained from the Danish Work Environment Cohort Examine (DWECS) (see Burr ain al. 2003). The -panel started out which has a simple randomly sample drawn from the central population register in 1990, consisting of people aged 18–59 years per 1 Oct 1990. People in this -panel were interviewed in 95, 2000, and 2005 as well as the panel is continuously tweaked for ageing and immigration. The 1990 sample contained 9, 653 individuals that 8, 664 participated (90 per cent). Of these, six, 067 (70 per cent) were salary earners. The subsequent 1995 test consisted of 15, 702 people, of which 8, 572 took part in (80 per cent).

From the participants in 1995, a few, 649 (65. 9 every cent) were wage earners, 6. 7 per cent had been enterprise owners, and 27. 4 per cent were not in the job market. Of the 5, 649 wage earners in 95, 4, 647 also took part in the survey in 2150 (82. three or more per cent). The population intended for the analyses in this newspaper are the respondents who were wage earners in 1995 and who also participated in DWECS since wage earners in 2000, corresponding to three, 773 individuals. The test only contains information about present job in 1995 and 2000, respectively, and on period in these careers.

Information on possible intervening unemployment spells is only obtainable the moment linking your data set to a register of social payment transfers which have not been within the opportunity of this newspaper. Job satisfaction has shown to get related to job change as in, for example , Kristensen and Westergaard-Nielsen (2004). As for job change in our human population, a total of just one, 128 individuals have transformed work place in the period. Once dividing this kind of subsample on job fulfillment levels as reported in 1995, 49. 7 per cent of those who were not, or perhaps only incredibly seldom satis? ed with the job modify work place throughout the 5-year period whereas simply 32. per cent of those who were highly as well as to some extent satis? ed with all the job include changed job by 2150. Moreover, because wage earners who had a decreased degree of task satisfaction in 1995 have had a higher © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Submitting Ltd Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 7 incentive to leave the work pressure completely or perhaps start their own enterprise by 2000, the? nal sample may be prejudiced. To approximate the size of this potential opinion, all members in 2k (including unemployed and business owners) will be divided among the four categories of job fulfillment levels reported in 95.

The the desired info is that 21 years old per cent of those who were certainly not, or just very almost never, satis? impotence are not in the work force in 2000. Of the people who were very or to some extent satis? impotence with the task, only 14 per cent experienced left the task force. Nevertheless , the total amount of dissatis? male impotence workers that have left the sample sums to 54.99 persons and attrition will need to therefore not pose a critical threat to the reliability of results. After deducting findings with lacking values on any of the analysed items, the cohort contained 3, 412 individuals. Observe Table one particular for sample characteristics. a few. 3 Record analyses

The info resulting from calculating qualitative tendency by the use of questionnaires are most often specific, ordinally scaled data. Because of this they are ordered, but with times that might be bumpy. One example is measures of job fulfillment using a mental rating size, consisting of a discrete number of by speaking described purchased categories. This kind of data limits the types of arithmetic operations which can be applied, which in turn limit the product range of statistical methods suited to the analysis. As observed earlier, one other problem the moment analysing work satisfaction is that of unobserved heterogeneity.

It causes problems because the regression style is based on the assumption there is no correlation between the explanatory variables plus the error term. But as the error term captures the variation by potentially omitted variables such as? xed personal traits that may in? uence the probability of a speci? c result on the job fulfillment variable, this sort of model problem is likely to occur in analyses of job satisfaction. A method to remove heterogeneity is the application of conditional likelihood in logistic regression, as displayed by Chamberlain (1980) regarding having a binary response varying.

The basic principle applied is that when applying logistic regression with conditional likelihood and having several observation every object, the variables which often not alter values are certainly not used in the estimation. Sadly this also means that a changing like male or female will be omitted from the estimation. The latter problem can be resolved by possibly splitting up the analysis in two parts according to gender or perhaps by including gender effects as conversation effects, which is the method followed in this paper.

As the scale on which task satisfaction is measured in our analysis involves four purchased categories with verbal scores, ordinal assessment can be thought and the response variable could be recoded to a binary varying without violating any presumptions. Conditional likelihood estimation is conducted using the panel 1995–2000. Additional ordinary regressions are accomplished using the cross-sectional data from 2000. Forecasted probabilities are generated in the cross-sectional data. Initially, relationship analysis employing Kendall Tau was performed on almost all explanatory variables. The relationship coef? cient was below 0. 0 except among age and tenure, and between education in years and wage. Tenure is employed as a substitute pertaining to age, since the indication of the relationship between era and task satisfaction also may depend on age (Clark et al., 1998). Educational levels were dichotomized and tested in the style as with the gender connection terms. The entire model with variables given in Table one particular and Appendix A becomes: © 2011 CEIS, Ente Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd Age in years Mean Years of institution Mean A sexually transmitted disease. deviation Professions Vocational training Marital status Cohabiting 39. 7 Open public 13. 3 2 . 57 34. two 79. a few 35. six Private 995 12. 1 2 . 19 53. five © 2011 CEIS, Ente Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Limited 74. several 80. almost 8 54. 4 12. a few 2 . thirty-six 40. on the lookout for Private 2k 81. 9 33. several 13. 7 2 . 53 44. 7 Public Net month pay out Mean, DKK. Std. deviation Tenure Indicate Std. deviation Gender Guy Female sixty four. 9 35. 1 7. 0 six. 52 15, 891 four, 909 Non-public Table 1 ) Summary of key demographic and financial variables in balanced panel (N = 3, 412) 1995 thirty six. 6 63. 4 almost eight. 8 almost 8. 10 9, 932 5, 102 Community 65. 0 35. 0 9. zero 8. seventy nine 13, six-hundred 4, 667 Private 2k 34. five 65. zero 11. four 9. sixty four 12, 123 3, 541 Public 8 Lea Offer — Bryan Cleal Task Satisfaction, Work place, and Benefits 9 JSij =? we +? marriedij +? two Childrenij &? 3High schoolij +? 4Short further educationij u +? 5 Tenureij +? six Leaderij &? 7 lack of employment rateij &? 8 Noiseij +? 9 Physical strainij +? 12 Influenceij &? 11High demand-low controlij +? 12 Job securityij +? 13 Informationij +? 18 Role conflict ij &? 15Social sup port ij +? 18 Conflict at workij &? 17 Adaptable hoursij +? 18 Logpay ij &? 19 Work futurei &? 20 Recognition leaderi +? ij. The i subscript refers to distinct persons and j identifies different measurements for person i, Work satisfaction (JS) is the centered variable, a the constant, m is the vector of the coef? ients of the explanatory variables, and eij is a randomly error term. Questionnaire answers on work future possibilities and reputation from market leaders are only readily available for the 2150 cross-section. The estimation technique is maximum possibility and the record computer courses used had been SAS almost 8. 2 and STATA 9. 0, the logit process and the clogit procedure. The desired info is presented since factor within odds, revealing the increase inside the odds of becoming in the group having a large degree of work satisfaction, for any one level, or level, increase in the explanatory varying. 4. Outcomes

In this section we present the scientific results based on four models of analyses. (1) Primary regression studies on male or female differences. (2) Main outcomes: Estimating the probability with the outcomes getting highly satis? ed with the job and being dissatis? ed with the job employing conditional probability estimation. (3) An ordinary logistic regression analysis using only info from 2k with addition of acknowledgement from leaders and foreseeable future job opportunities to the version. This model is employed for forecasting the probability of having a high level of work satisfaction when ever rewards are optimized and work environment elements are at unfavourable levels. 4) A next and previous analysis gets the purpose of affirmation of the issue on job satisfaction and consists of a regression where task satisfaction since response changing is substituted by a problem on the amount of motivation and engagement in one’s work. 4. one particular Preliminary studies on male or female differences Primarily, tests intended for gender conversation effects are performed. To get private-sector workers, social support reveals both a signi? cant gender impact and an over-all effect on work satisfaction. Intended for public-sector staff job security indicates a signi? ish gender impact and a general effect. In both situations being a woman increases the impact on the level of job satisfaction. The gender discussion effects will be veri? impotence when running separate regressions on sexes still making use of the division about sectors. The results are visible Appendix M. Due to the decrease of observations when you use? xed effects regressions these kinds of regressions are run on only the 2000 cross-section using regular logistic regression on the result being very satis? impotence. A few benefits turn out to be gender speci?: simply for publicly utilized men, having no education above high school graduation level reduces the possibility of a higher level of task satisfaction and having a leading position increases the probability an excellent source of job satisfaction signi? cantly. For openly employed girls only, the unemployment price is signi? cantly and inversely linked to the level of job satisfaction. Job security can be signi? cannot as suggested by the located interaction results. For privately employed men and women, gender-speci? c effects will be in? uence that boosts the © 2011 CEIS, Ente Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 0 Lea Sell — Bryan Cleal probability an excellent source of job pleasure for men, work security that increases the probability of job fulfillment for women, and being exposed to aggression at the place of work, which is only signi? cannot for women. Moreover, the coef? cient of social support can be larger for ladies than for men corresponding to the results of the gender examination. In regard to income, the effect is large and positive to get both secretly employed guys and for yourself employed women but nonsigni? cant to get both genders within the public sector.

Because discussed in the statistical evaluation section multicollinarity existed between education in years and wage. Therefore educational levels are came into as separate factors to the unit. Ultimately, simply having no further education further than high school and having a short further education were statistically signi? cannot (p &lt, 0. 05) and these levels will be therefore retained in the unit. 4. two Results applying conditional chance on the merged panel of information from 95 and 2k The sexuality interaction results found as well as the two variables representing educational level are actually entered inside the? al style. The the desired info is shown in Table 2 . The remaining section of the table shows the results when price the possibility of having if you are an00 of job satisfaction as well as the right part of the table shows the results the moment estimating the probability of having a low amount of job pleasure, the latter in order to test to get a duality in the impacts in job fulfillment as reviewed in Section 2 . Looking? rst at the results pertaining to the economic and market measures, the odds of being in the high job satisfaction category are lowered with one-? th for each and every additional kid for personal employees, although the latter effect is only borderline signi? can’t (p sama dengan 0. 077). This end result is matched in the public sector, in the way that the odds of having a low level of job pleasure triple pertaining to an additional child. For privatesector employees, having no more than an increased school education, opposed to having an educational level previously mentioned high school, nearly triples chances of being inside the high job satisfaction category and also reduces the odds of being in the low job pleasure category, although the latter impact is only termes conseill�s signi? ish (p = 0. 063). Having a method length or short further more education practically halves the odds of being very satis? education with a person’s job. Educational level does not show any effects of signi? cance intended for public-sector personnel. High period raises the odds of being in the low work satisfaction category for public sector employees, an effect not coordinated elsewhere. Inside both industries, the level of task satisfaction appears to be related to the size of the unemployment rate, as well as the scope of this relation is similar for personal and general public employees.

The sizes with the odds show an 8. 3 per cent decrease in the odds of being in the high pleasure category per per cent embrace the unemployment rate to get private-sector personnel and a 9 percent decrease in chances of being in the high satisfaction category every per cent increase in the unemployment rate to get public-sector staff. In regard to work-related health elements, the public and the private sector have 4 factors in keeping: role que incluye? cts nearly halves the odds of being inside the high satisfaction category in both groups, odd work positions cure the odds of staying in the high satisfaction category for non-public employees by simply one-third, as well as for public personnel by almost one-half. Raising the level of data that problems the work place raises chances of being very satis? male impotence by 71 per cent intended for privately used and by 91 per cent for publicly employed workers. For each increase in the degree of social support, the odds of being highly satis? ed increase by simply 58 % and 23 per cent, respectively. For public employees, elevating the level of in? ence boosts the odds of staying highly satis? ed with all the job by 71 %, and having foreseeable task security above 12 months nearly doubles the odds of being in the high job satisfaction category. For private-sector © 2011 CEIS, Ente Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Limited 1 . 061 0. 811(*) 2 . 881* 0. 558* 1 . 009 1 . 349 0. 917* 0. 525* 0. 681* 1 . 045 0. 965 1 . 532 1 . 709* 0. 537* 1 . 576* 0. 973 1 . 246* 1 . 698(*) 0. 755* — zero. 674–1. 672 0. 643–1. 023 1 . 342–6. 186 0. 359–0. 868 0. 978–1. 040 0. 707–2. 573 zero. 876–0. 960 0. 303–0. 907 zero. 514–0. 903 0. 849–1. 292 zero. 446–2. 091 0. 904–2. 596 1 . 380–2. 116 0. 398–0. 23 1 ) 257–1. 978 0. 555–1. 705 1 ) 103–1. 409 0. 990–2. 913 zero. 575–0. 992 — CI 1 . 310 1 . 047 0. 497 0. 796 0. 974 0. 460 0. 910* 0. 739 0. 579* 1 . 710* 0. 595 2 . 042(*) 1 . 906* 0. 525* 1 . 309* 0. 936 1 . 035 1 . 386 — 0. 150* OR PERHAPS? xed zero. 639–2. 682 0. 755–1. 452 zero. 153–1. 618 0. 431–1. 472 0. 932–1. 019 0. 150–1. 417 zero. 858–0. 965 0. 346–1. 576 0. 358–0. 935 1 . 142–2. 559 0. 058–6. 084 0. 891–4. 680 1 . 355–2. 681 0. 337–0. 817 1 . 092–1. 569 0. 552–1. 589 zero. 850–1. 260 0. 463–4. 154 — 0. 027–0. 825 CI Public (Reg. 2) 1 . 379 0. 803 zero. 062(*) zero. 414 1 ) 046 several. 378 1 . 006 a few. 843* 1 . 238 1 . 943* 4. 482* a few. 012* installment payments on your 112* installment payments on your 247(*) 1 . 496*. 825 0. 913 1 . 176 — — OR? xed 0. 360–5. 274 0. 394–1. 639 0. 003–1. 157 zero. 085–2. 022 0. 951–1. 150 zero. 320–35. 729 0. 906–1. 116 1 . 238–11. 926 0. 653–2. 347 1 . 176–3. 212 1 . 425–14. 091 1 . 016–8. 933 1 . 222–3. 650 zero. 949–5. 320 1 . 059–2. 114 0. 679–4. 902 0. 641–1. 300 0. 275–5. 038 — — CI Exclusive (Reg. 3) b zero. 744 several. 396* 14. 731 installment payments on your 327 1 . 195* zero. 061 1 ) 017 zero. 358 1 ) 250 a few. 186(*) zero. 727 0. 939 2 . 052(*) 1 . 152 1 ) 586(*) 5. 557(*) 0. 805 1 . 766 — — OR PERHAPS? xed 0. 140–3. 948 1 . 049–10. 993 zero. 469–293. 833 0. 383–14. 120 1 ) 025–1. 395 0. 0 0. 861–1. 202 zero. 046–2. 809 0. 573–2. 724 zero. 975–10. 409 0. 071–7. 497 zero. 127–6. 940 0. 96–4. 699 zero. 348–3. 819 0. 936–2. 689 0. 962–21. 598 0. 372–1. 740 0. 160–19. 521 — — CI Community (Reg. 4) Low work satisfactionc Dichotomous variables. Gender interaction effects: Male = 1 . c Scales are reversed to get in? uence, job secureness, information, social support, and? exible hours when ever estimating task dissatisfaction. CI: 95% que incluye? dence span. Signi? cance levels: (*) 0. 05 &lt, p &lt, 0. 10, 2. 0. 0000 &lt, g &lt, zero. 05. Range of observations: Reg. 1 = 1, 2 hundred, Reg. two = 650, Reg. three or more = 282, Reg. 5 = 128. -log (Likelihood): Reg. one particular = 317. 1, Reg. 2 = 172. 6th, Reg. a few = 55. 8, Reg. 4 sama dengan 27. three or more. Pseudo R2s: Reg. you = zero. 24, Reg. 2 sama dengan 0. a few, Reg. three or more = zero. 48, and Reg. 4 = 0. 38. a Cohabitinga Volume of children Secondary school or lessa Short further education Job tenure in years Leader statusa Joblessness rate 1 . Noisea installment payments on your Odd operate positions a few. In? uence 4. Low control–high require 5. Work security one particular yeara six. Information several. Role que incluye? ictsa 8. Social support on the lookout for. Exposed to aggressiona 10. Flexible hours Monthly pay. Ln kr Male social supportb Male job securityb OR PERHAPS? xed Exclusive (Reg. 1) High work satisfaction Desk 2 . Results from conditional logistic regression, once estimating the probability to be highly satis? ed with one’s job and becoming dissatis? impotence with a person’s job.

Divided on private-sector and public-sector employees Task Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 11 © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Submitting Ltd 12 Lea Promote — Bryan Cleal personnel, three additional factors have signi? cant influences on the likelihood of being highly satis? ed with your job: noises halves the odds of having the highest level of task satisfaction, even more? exible functioning hours increase the odds of becoming highly satis? ed by 25 percent, and? nally the odds of log pay out suggest that when ever log pay is elevated by one unit chances of being in the high pleasure category increase by nearly 70 %.

The effect can be borderline signi? cant (p = zero. 054). Comparing the comes from the conditional likelihood estimation with the comes from the ordinary logistic regression examines (as shown in Appendix B), some discrepancies come out: for widely employed men having a maximum of a high university education lowers the probability of a dangerous of work satisfaction and having a leading position elevates the possibility of a high level of work satisfaction employing ordinary regression analysis simply. In? uence raises the probability of high job fulfillment signi? cantly for independently employed guys but not whenever using? ed results analyses. Pertaining to public workers, being exposed to hostility at the work place lowers the probability of high job fulfillment when using regular logistic regression analysis plus the corresponding derive from the? xed effects regression is an increase in the likelihood of discontentment when coming in contact with con? icts. For private employees strange work positions only demonstrate an effect in the? xed effects analysis. Looking at the outcomes of predicting being dissatis? ed with one’s task several factors impact on the probability of both having a high level of job fulfillment and becoming dissatis? m with the work. This is the case in the personal sector intended for noise, details, role con? icts, and social support, and the public sector for in? uence, info, and social support. On the other hand, being exposed to violence, hazards of physical violence or bullying, or using a job with low control in combination with large demands simply has an effect on the probability of being dissatis? ed with all the job. 4. 3 Hazards and the effects of rewards on the likelihood of being highly satis? ed with the job Following a results from the regressions offered in the previous areas, pay is only a signi? ant predictor of having if you are a00 of task satisfaction in the private sector, and would not seem to have got any impact on the likelihood of being dissatis? ed. Within just both time economic research and work psychology, future opportunities and recognition are usually considered as benefits of work. As additional information is available on long term opportunities and recognition in data from 2000, the next analysis includes all three types of advantages. In addition , everyone was asked in 1995 what they considered to be the main aspect of their work.

From the three possible answers, 11. 2 per cent answered the pay was good (6. 0 % in the public sector and 14. eight per cent in the private sector), 58. 0 per cent responded that the function interested them (65. 6 per cent inside the public sector and 52. 7 % in the exclusive sector), and 30. eight per cent clarified that they acquired along very well with fellow workers (28. some per cent in the public sector and 32. 4 per cent in the personal sector). The differences among general public and private staff with regard to pay out support the evidence from our analyses.

However the results also suggest that alternative rewards may be regarded although the capability of these advantages to compensate to get hazards inside the work environment is more uncertain. The other question we certainly have sought to review is whether personnel exposed to dangers at work for which they get above average advantages, when comparing with employees in non-hazardous use average rewards, report the same level of task satisfaction. This was achieved by way of calculations of predicted possibilities. The elements tested had been signi? ant predictors of both creating a high level of job satisfaction and being dissatis? impotence with the © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Creating Ltd Job Satisfaction, Work place, and Returns 13 task. Initially, a regression within the 2000 cohort integrating identification from commanders and upcoming possibilities inside the model was performed. The results from this regression happen to be shown in Appendix C. The dangers analysed intended for private-sector workers are high noise, low levels of information and social support, and role con? icts. Intended for the public sector, low levels info, in? ence, and social support are selected. The results from varying the amount of these factors from their ideal, to their most severe case, and at the same time maximizing three types of rewards will be shown in Table 3. The values in column 2 share the likelihood of being highly satis? male impotence with the job when each of the six chosen work environment factors are within their most confident position and all other variables are placed constant on the mean. Column 3 reveals the probability of being highly satis? ed with the work when all the six problems is at the most negative level.

Columns 5, 5 and 6 supply the probability of obtaining a high level of job satisfaction when the person factors are at the most severe case, solitary rewards are at their best, and everything other variables are at their very own mean. Having the lowest level info gives the most affordable probability of getting a high degree of job pleasure observed to get private-sector staff (0. 62). For public sector employees the possibilities of being highly satis? impotence with the task when data is at the minimum level is 0. 56. This is the case when all other variables are held in an average level.

Moreover, the probability to be highly satis? ed with one’s task never is greater than 0. seventy five as long as info is low, which is listed below both zero. 81 and 0. 79, the average possibilities of being highly satis? education with the task within the open public and the non-public sector. Reduced? uence predicts the lowest likelihood of a high level of task satisfaction for publicsector personnel, which is 0. 56. In cases like this it is not feasible to reach precisely the same level of job satisfaction once having the most reasonable level of in? uence, in comparison with all those experiencing if you are an00 of in? uence even if receiving maximum rewards.

Precisely the same is evident for social support for employees in both sectors. In contrast, the impacts an excellent source of noise or perhaps experiencing role con? icts on the possibility of having a high level of task satisfaction happen to be, however , neutralized by either the highest level of leader reputation or long term opportunities, or a high income, being among the best-paid two per cent in the sample. 5. 4 Risks and the associated with rewards on the likelihood of staying highly motivated in the task The research made in Section 4. three or more is repeated now guessing the possibility of having the best level of motivation when the amounts of in? ence, social support, and information have reached their most severe, individual returns are at their best, and all different variables are in their mean. The effects of this regression are demonstrated in Appendix D. Stand 4 is usually analogous with Table 3. The brings about Table 5 are like results in Stand 3, only that receiving the highest level of head recognition now seems to compensate privately employed for a low level of social support. a few. Discussion The way in which work environmental and socio-economic factors related to job satisfaction was not only in terms of both increasing task satisfaction or perhaps not, my spouse and i. e. eing motivational factors or not really. Thus based on Herzberg et al. is (1959) theory some job factors likewise function as maintenance factors which can be only staying capable of getting employees dissatis? ed with all the job. Furthermore, some elements only acquired the impact of lowering the possibilities of being highly satis? impotence with the job. These could possibly be characterized because inconvenience factors with a great unsettling impact on the inspiration factors. © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Creating Ltd © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Posting Ltd 0. 713 0. 618 0. 727 0. 736 0. 563 0. 754 0. 598. 798 0. 825 0. 881 0. 812 P(High JS) when By at its most severe and the rest of the factors by their means 0. 838 0. 879 0. 829 0. 520 0. 721 0. 556 0. 804 0. 727 0. 814 0. 821 P(High JS) when Pay out is at optimum, X in its worst, as well as the rest of the factors at the means 0. 701 0. 848 0. 730 0. 817 0. 743 0. 827 0. 834 P(High JS) when Innovator Recognition high, X at its worst, plus the rest in the means 0. 717 0. 858 0. 746 0. 815 zero. 741 0. 825 0. 832 P(High JS) once Future Possibilities are high, X at its worst, as well as the rest for their means Probability of high Job Fulfillment for personal employees when all parameters at their particular mean: 0. 901. Possibility of high Job Satisfaction intended for public staff when almost all variables by their mean: 0. 8052. Leader reputation is at it is highest when the employee has answered ‘To a very high degree’ when asked: ‘Is work acknowledged and appreciated by management? ‘ and long term opportunities happen to be maximized if the employee provides answered ‘To a very high degree’ when asked: ‘Are the near future prospects of your job good? ‘. Personal sector Sound Information Support Role que tiene? ict General public sector Details Social support In? uence P(High JS) the moment X is usually optimal plus the rest of the elements at heir means Table 3. Probability of a higher level of Task Satisfaction (JS) for differing levels of unhappiness factors and rewards (X) 14 Lea Sell — Bryan Cleal 0. 268 0. 320 0. 338 0. 408 0. 161 0. 396 0. 467 P(High M) when Back button at its most severe and the remaining portion of the factors at their means 0. 474 0. 532 0. 507 0. 380 0. 453 0. 187 0. 299 0. 353 P(High M) when Pay is at maximum, X in its worst, as well as the rest of the elements at the means 0. 443 0. 518 0. 230 0. 414 0. 476 P(High M) when Head Recognition large, X at its worst, and the rest in the means 0. 448 0. 523 0. 233 0. 356 zero. 415 P(High M) chicken Future Opportunities are substantial, X in its worst, and the rest in their means Notes: Motivation is at its highest if the employee provides answered ‘Yes, indeed’ when ever asked: ‘Do you feel motivated and engaged in your work? ‘, 39. 2% of the non-public employees and 46. 3% of the public employees response ‘Yes, indeed’. Private sector Information Support Public sector Information Support In? uence P(High M) when Back button is ideal and the remaining portion of the factors at their means Table four. Probability of the high level of motivation (M) for varying levels of dissatisfaction factors and rewards (X)

Job Fulfillment, Work Environment, and Rewards 12-15 © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 16 Lea Sell — Bryan Cleal While increasing the reliability of outcomes, many respondents unfortunately are lost when you use conditional chance estimation while those with none of them changing qualities are dropped from the examination. When comparing the results from the ordinary regression analyses together with the results applying conditional probability estimation that did not seem to be that managing for? xed effects alters results in view to the very subjective measures utilized.

A possible description is that many answers are set as frequencies of coverage during functioning hours leaving less area for misconceptions of the questions. About two-thirds of the outcomes on work environment variables were common to get public- and private-sector workers, with effects of just about similar size. Common factors had been odd function positions and role con? ict, both factors decreasing the likelihood of having if you are an00 of job satisfaction, and information on decisions that problems the work place and support, of which larger levels believed being extremely satis? d with the job and decrease levels forecasted job discontentment. Factors staying speci? c for the private sector were sound and a combination of low control and substantial demands, whereas exposure to hostility at the place of work and standard of in? uence only seemed to have an effect on public employees. Being exposed to violence, risks of assault or teasing, and creating a job with low control in combination with excessive demands will be examples of maintenance factors because the degree of their influence is con? ned to negative results.

In accordance with our results, open public employees have been shown to offer an increased risk of experiencing que tiene? icts, teasing, or risks of violence at work (see Hoegh, 2005) whereas jobs with low control and high demands are typically found on industrial operate sites inside the private sector. In assessment the ameliorative capability of returns to compensate intended for the unwanted effects on work satisfaction deriving from exposure to (primarily psychosocial) hazards in the work environment, our results suggested only a limited effect in this type of paying differential.

Particularly, rewards cannot neutralize the effects on work satisfaction when employees possess low levels info on decisions that issues the work place, social support, or perhaps, as a result pertaining to public workers only, in? uence. The majority of previous studies searching for evidence of compensating income differentials for work environment hazards have been concerned with observable work-related health hazards (see Rosen, 1986), an exception staying for extremely stressful job (French and Dunlap, 1998). The outcome was duplicated and much more pronounced when the analysis was repeated substituting job pleasure with motivation.

Where the same fraction of public personnel and private workers reported getting highly satis? ed with the job, there was a difference among the two sectors when you compare the small fraction of staff reporting to become highly encouraged. Thirty-nine per cent of the private employees and 46 percent of the open public employees reported to be the very motivated. These kinds of results likewise correspond to the end result that more community than exclusive employees report that the most important factor of their job was that the task interested them (66 per cent versus 53 per cent).

The differences happen to be small however the results support the theory that public personnel should have bigger intrinsic motivation (Benabou and Tirole, 2006). As salary did not show any signi? cant effect on the level of task satisfaction intended for public personnel and neither had any kind of signi? cannot compensating value in regard to particular hazards at the job, the results also point to that publicly utilized workers are less motivated by simply high shell out and place a better value for the intrinsic advantages as also seen in Karl and Sutton (1998) and Houston (2000).

Very low probabilities of having if you are a00 of task satisfaction (0. 56) and being highly motivated with the job (0. 16) were evident intended for public employees with the lowest level of in? uence. This kind of clearly shows that lack of in? uence may demotivate public employees and points to that © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd Job Fulfillment, Work Environment, and Rewards seventeen intrinsic inspiration can be undermined if persons feel controlled, and have tiny autonomy and freedom in performing work tasks (Deci and Thomas, 1985).

Moreover, in the long run, deficiency of autonomy can pose a threat to value congruence involving the employees as well as the organization, since suggested by Ren (2010). In regard to the results concerning gender dissimilarities, job security showed an over-all positive effect on job fulfillment as well as a gender-speci? c result for employees inside the public sector, suggesting females pursue work security a lot more than men. To get private staff, any a result of job insecurity would be dissatisfaction with the job and the size of the effect was just about a similar for both the genders.

Within a study simply by D’Addio ou al. (2003), job secureness was located to have the same effect for young or old after altering for? xed effects. Devoid of adjusting pertaining to? xed results, men apparently valued job security the most. In the analyze by Clark et ‘s. (1998), they? nd the extent where women or perhaps men go after job reliability varies amongst countries and the differences are relatively tiny. These other research have divided the studies on gender, which complicates comparison, and the differing time period of years over which the observations are produced most ikely has an effect too. Clark simon et ‘s. (1998) as well? nd that ladies report having good relations at work more regularly than men. Whereas Sloane and Williams (2000)? nd that good sociable relations will be most important for girls. This is according to our? nding that between private employees, women benefit social support much more than men. The effect on job satisfaction by wages might also re? ect an effect of satisfaction together with the job that derives via increased total expenditure options as problem on work satisfaction inside our study is definitely one that lso are? cts overall job pleasure. The effects may also be dependent upon the offered wage structure as the two wages and wages distribution are lower within the open public sector than within the personal sector in Denmark at the time (Wadensjo, 1996). Finally, the impact on task satisfaction through the unemployment rate is significant. D’Addio et al. (2003) found the same negative correlation between task satisfaction plus the rate of unemployment. In both the examine by D’Addio et ‘s. (2003) and our analyze, this regards is only signi? cant following controlling intended for? xed results.

That is, apart from the result when coming up with a separate evaluation on gender and sector. It is significant that the lack of employment rate offers these crystal clear derived effects on the very subjective feelings towards the job. In line with the studies simply by Akerlof ou al. (1988), a low joblessness rate will allow for unsatis? male impotence employees to improve to jobs with more ideal characteristics. Appendix A: List of work environment factors 1 . Sound: Two amounts according to reply to to the below: 3/4 or more of the work day being exposed to sound that excessive that one need to raise the tone of voice to be able to talk to others.. Odd work positions: A report with a one particular point enhance when respondents have proclaimed a positive solution to the following queries: 3/4 or maybe more of the functioning hours the task entails work with: 1 . The spine heavily bended forward with no support for hands or perhaps arms. installment payments on your The body turned or bended in the same way several times an hour. a few. The hands lifted to shoulder height or higher. four. The the neck and throat heavily bended forward. five. Squatting or perhaps kneeling. © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Submitting Ltd 18 Lea Promote — Bryan Cleal three or more. In? uence: Four levels, Can you strategy your personal work? 4.

Low control–high strain: In? uence: Four levels, Can you plan your own operate? Job variance: Four levels, Is your work varied? Period pressure: Recoded into two levels, 1995: Does your function entail that you have to work underneath time pressure in order to get selected pieces of work? 2000: Must you work very quickly? Mental needs: Does your operate demand your entire attention and concentration? a few. Job protection: Two amounts according to: (1995): Specific or convinced of keeping the work the next twelve months. (2000): The current job is usually not a? xed-term appointment with less than 12 months left.. Data: Four levels, Are you educated about decisions that matter your work place? 7. Unclearness of position and que tiene? icting requirements: Two levels according to the agreement or not of either of two statements: It really is clear what my responsibility. I encounter con? icting demands inside my work. eight. Social support: (four levels — No support, always support from fellow workers but not constantly from superiors, always support from superiors but not usually from fellow workers, always support from fellow workers and superiors) 1995: Will you receive support and confidence from your superior/colleagues? 000: How often do you obtain help and support by superior or colleagues? being unfaithful. Con? icts, teasing, undesirable sexual focus, threats, or violence (two levels): 95: Are you confronted with any sort of unpleasant teasing, unwanted lovemaking attention, hazards of violence, or physical violence at your workplace? (Not credit reporting any happenings constitutes a ‘no’) 2000: Are you currently exposed to upsetting teasing, undesired sexual focus, threats of violence, physical violence in your work place within the past 12 months? (Not reporting any incidents constitutes a ‘no’) 12.

Flexibility of work schedule: 4 levels based on the time space within a surveys takers can vary the daily functioning schedule with no giving further notice. Are you able to change the positioning of your working hours every day without producing prearrangements, e. g. meet at work later or keep work early on? 11. Recognition: Four amounts: Is work acknowledged and appreciated by the management? doze. Future chances: Four amounts: Are the upcoming prospects of the work very good? © 2011 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards 19

Appendix M: Estimating excessive job pleasure on the 2k cross-sectional data. Divided about gender Guys Private (Reg. 1) Females Public (Reg. 2) Private (Reg. 3) Public (Reg. 4) Coef. Cohabitinga Quantity of children Senior high school or lessa Short even more education Work tenure in years Leader statusa Lack of employment rate 1 . Noisea installment payments on your Odd function positions 3. In? uence 4. Low control–high require 5. Work security you yeara six. Information 7. Role con? ictsa eight. Social support on the lookout for. Exposed to aggressiona 10. Flexible hours Month-to-month pay. Ln kr Normal error Coef. Standard mistake Coef. Regular error Coef. Standard problem 0. 258 -0. 067 0. 237 0. 437* 0. 010 0. 181 -0. 011 -0. 587* -0. 176 0. 244* -0. 658 0. 087 0. 475* -0. 626* 0. 371* -0. 294 0. 175* 0. 639* 0. 1896 0. 0728 0. 99 0. 1916 0. 0086 0. 2451 0. 0295 0. 2142 0. 1062 0. 0906 0. 4282 0. 3488 0. 0926 0. 1441 0. 0678 0. 2811 0. 0528 0. 2705 0. 1700 -0. 078 -0. 638* 0. 060 -0. 004 0. 743* 0. 010 0. 104 -0. 493* 0. 395* -0. 919 -0. 292 0. 759* -0. 578* 0. 314* -0. 732* 0. 143 0. 066 0. 2248 0. 0860 0. 2592 0. 1890 0. 0093 0. 3642 0. 0223 0. 2853 0. 1827 0. 1,190 0. 6509 0. 2948 0. 1206 0. 1632 0. 0742 0. 1916 0. 0598 0. 2794 0. 307 -0. 026 0. 286 -0. 481* 0. 006 0. 348 0. 021 -0. 529(*) -0. 21 0. 121 -0. 991 0. 469* 0. 607* -0. 435* 0. 459 -0. 348* 0. 171* 0. 611* 0. 2327 0. 1004 0. 2709 0. 2177 0. 0109 0. 5299 0. 0369 0. 2808 0. 1476 0. 1252 0. 5711 0. 3909 0. 1390 0. 2099 0. 0856 0. 2922 0. 0685 0. 2802 0. 167 -0. 015 -0. 117 -0. 1656 0. 010 -0. 267 -0. 029* -0. 044 -0. 380* 0. 247* -0. 003 0. 369* 0. 623* -0. 542* 0. 362* -0. 335* 0. 104* -0. 092 0. 1477 0. 0612 0. 1804 0. 1349 0. 0070 0. 2914 0. 0139 0. 1963 0. 1126 0. 0880 0. 5338 0. 1888 0. 0896 0. 1212 0. 0508 0. 1397 0. 0471 0. 2195 a Dichotomous variables. CI: 95% que tiene? dence period. Signi? cance levels: (*) 0. 05 &lt, p &lt, zero. 10, 5. 0. 000 &lt, l &lt, 0. 05. Number of observations: Reg. 1 = 1, 356, Reg. a couple of = 959, Reg. several = 728, Reg. 4 = you, 754. -log (Likelihood): Reg. 1 = 639. several, Reg. a couple of = 483. 2, Reg. 3 = 363. you, Reg. four = 907. 1 . Pseudo R2s: Reg. 1 sama dengan 0. 17, Reg. a couple of = zero. 18, Reg. 3 sama dengan 0. 18, and Reg. 4 = 0. 13. Appendix C: Estimating substantial job satisfaction on the 2k cross-sectional data (Reg. 1) (Reg. 2) Private (N = two, 057) Community (N sama dengan 1, 296) OR Cohabitinga Number of kids High school or perhaps lessa Short further education Job tenure in years Leader statusa Unemployment level 1 . Noisea 2 . Strange work positions 3. In? uence some. Low control–high strain. Work security one particular yeara 6th. Information P&gt, |z| CI lower CI higher OR PERHAPS P&gt, |z| CI decrease CI larger 1 . 358 0. 934 1 . 361 0. 653 1 . 016 1 . 252 1 . 006 0. 628 0. 845 1 . 121 0. 464 1 . 186 1 . 430 0. 042 0. 263 0. 064 0. 004 0. 024 0. 323 0. 796 0. 008 0. 058 0. 139 0. 033 0. 535 0. 1000 1 . 011 0. 829 0. 982 0. 488 1 . 002 0. 802